RMD-23-05: Expansion of the geographic boundaries of the areas of Canada regulated for box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis)

Effective date: May 9, 2024

Preface

As described by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) includes three stages: initiation, pest risk assessment and pest risk management.

Initiating the PRA process involves identifying pests and pathways of concern and defining the PRA area. Pest risk assessment provides the scientific basis for the overall management of risk. Pest risk management is the process of identifying, evaluating and selecting potential mitigation measures which may be applied to reduce the identified pest risk to acceptable levels.

This Risk Management Document (RMD) includes a summary of the findings of a pest risk assessment and records the pest risk management process for the identified issue. It is consistent with the principles, terminology and guidelines provided in the IPPC standards for pest risk analysis available at the International Plant Protection Convention website.

On this page

Executive summary

Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth (BTM), is a regulated pest for Canada and the movement of Buxus spp. (boxwood) plants for planting is regulated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) under the Plant Protection Act and the Box Tree Moth Order. Directive D-22-04: Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) – domestic and import phytosanitary requirements establishes the Province of Ontario as a regulated area and outlines the regulatory requirements for the domestic movement and importation of Buxus spp. plants for planting. The Ministerial Order declares the Province of Ontario as an infested place and supports the implementation of directive D-22-04. The purpose of these measures is to mitigate the human-assisted spread of C. perspectalis from areas in Canada where the pest is established into areas where it does not occur. Despite best efforts, in June 2023, BTM was intercepted at several retail facilities in Quebec and the four Atlantic provinces following movement of boxwood plants from Ontario. In August 2023, the CFIA confirmed the first established populations of BTM outside of the current regulated area (Ontario) in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. To prevent further spread of this pest to additional provinces, the current regulated area must be expanded to include the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

This document presents two risk management options that were considered and the CFIA's final decision on the selected option for the expansion of the regulated area for C. perspectalis. These options were proposed for consultation from January 11 to February 10, 2024.

Purpose

The purpose of this RMD is to communicate CFIA's decision to include all of the provinces east of Ontario as the area of Canada that is regulated to prevent the human-assisted spread of C. perspectalis. This action is being taken in response to detections of established populations of the pest in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia during the summer of 2023.

Scope

This risk management document includes:

  • a summary of CFIA's assessment of risks posed by C. perspectalis
  • the risk management options considered
  • the CFIA's decision on expanding the regulated area of Canada

Definitions, abbreviations and acronyms

Definitions of terms used in this document can be found in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures 5: Glossary of phytosanitary terms or the Plant health glossary of terms.

Background

Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth, (BTM) was first reported in Ontario in 2018 (iNaturalist, 2018; CFIA, 2018).This was the first confirmed report of this pest in North America.

In November 2022, after consideration of comments on the proposed Risk Management Document RMD-22-02, C. perspectalis was added to the List of pests regulated by Canada. On May 23, 2023, directive D-22-04: Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) – domestic and import phytosanitary requirements was implemented, outlining the regulatory requirements for the domestic movement and importation of Buxus spp. plants for planting. On July 11, 2023, a Ministerial Order was made under the authority of the Plant Protection Act to support the implementation of directive D-22-04. The Order declares the province of Ontario as infested with C. perspectalis and supports restrictions on the movement of Buxus spp. plants for planting outside of Ontario. The purpose of these measures is to mitigate the human-assisted spread of C. perspectalis from areas in Canada where the pest is established into areas where it does not occur.

The CFIA considers those regions where C. perspectalis has been detected to be "regulated areas" and regions where C. perspectalis has not been detected to be "non-regulated areas” (Figure 1). Facilities located in any regulated area in Canada must meet the requirements of directive D-22-04 to move Buxus spp. plants for planting to non-regulated areas of Canada. Movement from regulated areas to British Columbia is prohibited. Surveillance in British Columbia has confirmed that it meets the requirements of a pest free area and outside of Ontario it is the only province in Canada that propagates large quantities of boxwood.

In June 2023, C. perspectalis was intercepted at several retail facilities in Quebec and the four Atlantic provinces following the confirmation of pest movement on boxwood at retail locations that had been sourced from Ontario (Figure 2). In response, the CFIA inspected all facilities that had received boxwood from the implicated Ontario nursery and took measures to limit the spread of the pest in the environment. These measures included setting traps to monitor for moths, and detaining, containing and destroying shipped boxwood plants. A communications plan to inform the public to be on the lookout for this pest was also launched in June 2023. The pest surveillance network in these provinces was also expanded.

In August 2023, the CFIA confirmed the presence of BTM on residential properties in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. These are the first confirmed established populations of C. perspectalis outside of Ontario (Figure 3). Eastern Canada survey results are shown in Figure 4. Detections (positive results) in Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. No detections (negative results) in Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Cydalima perspectalis is listed by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS) on its Regulated Plant Pest List (USDA-APHIS, 2020). In 2021, C. perspectalis was confirmed in New York State (USDA-APHIS, 2022). In May 2021, the USDA-APHIS published Federal Order DA-2021-11 to prohibit the importation of plants of Buxus spp., Euonymus spp., and Ilex spp. from Canada (USDA-APHIS, 2021). On December 19, 2023, the USDA-APHIS issued Federal Order DA-2023-24, which modifies the entry requirements for Buxus spp. and removes restrictions for Euonymus spp. and Ilex spp. imported from Canada into the United States (USDA-APHIS, 2023). Cydalima perspectalis has been detected in New York, Michigan, Massachusetts and Ohio. State and Federal quarantines are now in place in New York and Michigan and are under review in other states.

Figure 1. Regulated area for C. perspectalis
Figure 1. Regulated area for C. perspectalis. Description follows.
Description for image – Figure 1. Regulated area for C. perspectalis

This image is a map of Canada shows the regulated area for Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth, in Canada: the entire province of Ontario.

Figure 2. C. perspectalis interceptions in Eastern Canada in June 2023
Figure 2. C. perspectalis interceptions in Eastern Canada in June 2023. Description follows.
Description for image – Figure 2. C. perspectalis interceptions in Eastern Canada in June 2023

This image is a map of Eastern Canada that shows box tree moth interceptions in June 2023. Interceptions shown with red dots in the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Figure 3. C. perspectalis established populations in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in  2023
Figure 3. C. perspectalis established populations in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in 2023. Description follows.
Description for image – Figure 3. C. perspectalis established populations in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in  2023

This image is a map of Eastern Canada that shows box tree moth established populations in 2023. Established populations shown with red triangles in the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Figure 4. 2023 C. perspectalis survey results for Canadian provinces east of Ontario
Figure 4. 2023 C. perspectalis survey results for Canadian provinces east of Ontario. Description follows.
Description for image – Figure 4. 2023 C. perspectalis survey results for Canadian provinces east of Ontario

The map shows the locations of box tree moth traps placed across Eastern Canada in 2023. There are 11 traps in Ontario, 51 traps in Quebec, 26 traps in New Brunswick, 24 traps in Nova Scotia, 15 traps in Prince Edward Island, and 10 traps in Newfoundland Labrador. In Ontario, negative sites shown, with green triangles. Positive sites shown with red dots, box tree moth detections are concentrated in the National Capital region. In Quebec, negative sites shown, with green triangles. Positive sites shown with red dots, box tree moth detections are from Montreal to Rivière-du-Loup. In New Brunswick, negative sites shown, with green triangles. Positive sites shown with red dots, box tree moth detections are in Saint John, Quispamsis and Fredericton areas. In Nova Scotia, negative sites shown, with green triangles. There is one positive site shown, with a red dot, in the Windsor area. In Prince Edward Island, there are 15 negative traps shown, with green triangles. In Newfoundland Labrador, there are 10 negative traps shown, with green triangles.

Pest risk assessment information

Pest biology

Refer to the proposed Risk Management Document RMD-22-02, C. perspectalis for complete pest risk assessment information.

Hosts

Cydalima perspectalis is primarily a pest of Buxus plant species (Family Buxaceae) (van der Straten and Muus 2009). Since the first detection of C. perspectalis in Canada in 2018, it has only been detected in association with Buxus spp.

Current distribution

The natural geographic range of C. perspectalis includes Asia. Cydalima perspectalis is an invasive pest causing severe damage to boxwood, Buxus spp., in more than 30 European countries (Bella 2013; Nacambo et al., 2014; CABI 2020; Strachinis et al. 2015; Maruyama and Shinkaji 1987; Park 2008; Wan et al. 2014; Wang 1980). In North America, it has been reported in Ontario (2018), Quebec (2023), New Brunswick (2023), Nova Scotia (2023), New York (2021), Michigan (2022), Massachusetts (2023) and Ohio (2023) (NAPPO 2023). Based on annual surveys, from 2021 to 2023, British Columbia is considered a pest-free area. Surveys are supported by the Province of British Columbia. The pest has not been reported in Alberta, Saskatchewan or Manitoba and established populations have not been reported in Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland and Labrador.

Pathways for entry, establishment and spread

Cydalima perspectalis spreads primarily through the movement of infested boxwood (Kenis et al. 2013; Salisbury et al. 2012; van der Straten and Muus 2009). Boxwood is not native to North America, but is widely distributed in nurseries, gardens, and parks as an important ornamental shrub. In June 2023, the pest was intercepted at multiple retail facilities including garden centres and big box stores in Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Shipments of nursery stock from Ontario were determined to be the source.

It is not industry practice to ship Buxus spp. plants from Ontario to British Columbia. Regardless, movement of Buxus spp. plants for planting from regulated areas to British Columbia is prohibited per directive D-22-04. Only Ontario and British Columbia propagate significant amounts of Buxus spp.

Natural dispersal of adult moths is reported to be approximately 5 to 10 km per year (van der Straten and Muus 2009).

Cydalima perspectalis can survive in areas with Buxus spp. hosts where the minimum winter temperature is approximately −30°C. It overwinters in the larval stage in a silken cocoon spun between host leaves. Temperature thresholds for the development of eggs, larvae, and pupae vary between 8°C and 12°C. CLIMEX modelling maps, using both past and future realistic climate normals, strongly indicate this moth can survive in Canada. It may also infest areas north of Toronto from Montreal to North Bay. Future establishment in British Columbia and the Maritimes seems possible (CFIA 2019).

Potential economic impact

The spread of C. perspectalis in North America is a concern to the landscape and nursery sectors. There are two main areas of Buxus spp. propagation in Canada: British Columbia and eastern Canada, primarily in southern Ontario. The nursery industry considers boxwood plants to be among the top five most important woody ornamental plants in Canada, with a 2020 annual value of nursery plants estimated at approximately $40 million, of which domestic sales amount to $15 million.

In the province of Quebec, boxwood plants are primarily imported from Ontario and sold within the province although a portion of plants may be resold to the Atlantic provinces. Few producers propagate this plant in Quebec. Most boxwood plants outside of Ontario and British Columbia are purchased in the spring and are not overwintered. In Atlantic Canada, boxwood plants are sourced from Ontario and Quebec and distributed to garden centers and other retailers. There is no propagation of boxwood in the Atlantic provinces.

Potential trade impacts

Cydalima perspectalis is a regulated pest in the U.S. Following the first detection of this moth in North America, USDA-APHIS implemented Federal Order DA-2020-07 (in March 2020) revising the phytosanitary requirements for Buxus spp., Euonymus spp., and Ilex spp. plants for planting imported from Canada. Shipments were required to be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with an additional declaration stating that the shipment has been officially inspected and found to be free of C. perspectalis or produced in a facility or area officially recognized by the CFIA as free of C. perspectalis.On May 26, 2021, following the detection of C. perspectalis in a nursery facility in St. Catharines, Ontario, and the subsequent interception of the pest in the U.S. associated with shipments from the nursery, USDA-APHIS published Federal Order DA-2021-11 prohibiting the importation of plants for planting of Buxus spp., Euonymus spp., and Ilex spp. from Canada. On December 19, 2023, the USDA-APHIS issued Federal Order DA-2023-24, which modifies the entry requirements for Buxus spp. and removes restrictions for Euonymus spp. and Ilex spp. imported from Canada into the United States. Buxus spp. plants for planting from Canada must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with an additional declaration stating that the Buxus plants have been produced in a pest-free area for Cydalima perspectalis. USDA-APHIS recognizes the province of British Columbia as a pest-free area in accordance with International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 4. Buxus spp. produced in the rest of Canada remains prohibited.

In Canada, a domestic movement certificate is required to move Buxus spp. plants for planting material from a regulated area to a non-regulated area other than British Columbia where the plant cannot be sourced from regulated areas of Canada. Canadian producers of Buxus spp. plants for planting intending to move plants from a regulated area to a non-regulated area are required to implement a systems-based approach with a pest module for C. perspectalis. There are no requirements for movement of regulated commodities within the regulated area.

Potential for management

Chemical treatment is the primary control method for invasive populations of C. perspectalis in Buxus spp. production due to the lack of alternative tools. Mechanical removal is not efficient or feasible for commercial operations (Kenis et al., 2013). Btk products have shown some efficacy for C. perspectalis in Europe. Products with the active ingredient Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki (Bioprotec PLUS, and Dipel 2X DF) and Bacillus thuringiensis, subsp. Aizawai (XenTari WP) are registered in Canada for C. perspectalis (Landscape Ontario, 2020).

The active ingredient deltamethrin (DeltaGard SC) is currently registered for Emergency Use until June 23, 2024 for use on outdoor boxwood in commercial facilities in Ontario. In 2023, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) completed a public consultation on the proposed registration decision of Deltagard (active ingredient deltamethrin) for the sale and use to control C. perspectalis in commercial boxwood facilities across Canada.

In 2021, pest scouting in Ontario led to observations of a parasitoid wasp (Ichneumonidae) attacking C. perspectalis pupae. More research is warranted to assess parasitoid wasps native to North America as well as Asian parasitoids of C. perspectalis to establish a viable biological control program.

Research to manage this pest is ongoing and includes pheromone disruption trials, systemic insecticides, mesh netting size/color. Research projects in both Canada and the United States will benefit the nursery industry on both sides of the border.

At a nursery level, the use of a systems approach is prescribed by the CFIA to manage the risk posed by this pest. The combination of activities to mitigate pest risk are outlined in directive D-22-04. The pest module and best management practices were developed with the Canadian industry and are reviewed on a regular basis to effectively address the risk associated with C. perspectalis.

Potential for eradication

Treatment and in some cases removal and replacement of host plants from private properties was attempted when C. perspectalis was first detected in Toronto but it was difficult to identify the location of all host plants and not all home owners were open to removal of host plants from their properties. As this pest is reported to fly up to 10 kilometers per year, pest eradication by targeted removal or treatment of host plants from individual properties was deemed not feasible.

Pest risk management options

Directive D-22-04: Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) – domestic and import phytosanitary requirements describes import and domestic phytosanitary requirements to prevent the spread of Cydalima perspectalis in Canada.

The following pest risk management options are presented within the context of plant protection directive D-22-04: Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) – domestic and import phytosanitary requirements. These options were proposed during a consultation held between January 11 and February 10, 2024. Terms such as regulated areas, regulated articles and domestic movement requirements are described in the directive.

Option 1 – regulate entire provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia

Under this option, the area of Canada regulated for C. perspectalis would be expanded to include the entire provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (see Figure 5).

Advantages:

  • Boxwood could move freely within the regulated area – that is, within and between the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
  • Future surveillance to determine the distribution of the pest would focus on adjacent provinces where an established population has not been reported

Disadvantages:

  • Domestic movement requirements will be applied to producers of regulated articles in areas where C. perspectalis has not yet been detected and it may be difficult for retailers to secure a source of Buxus spp. plants
Figure 5: Option 1 – proposed regulated areas for C. perspectalis, including the entire province of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
Figure 5: Option 1 - proposed regulated areas for C. perspectalis, including the entire province of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Description follows.
Description for image – Figure 5: Option 1 – proposed regulated areas for C. perspectalis, including the entire province of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia

This image is a map which shows the proposed infested places to be regulated for Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth, in Canada under option 1. Under option 1, the following area would be designated as the infested place for Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth:

  • the entire province of Quebec
  • the entire province of New Brunswick
  • the entire province of Nova Scotia

Option 2 – regulate all provinces east of Ontario (Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador) (recommended)

Under this option, the area of Canada regulated for C. perspectalis would be expanded to include the entire provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador where C. perspectalis has been detected, or is likely to occur, but has not yet been detected (see Figure 6).

Advantages:

  • The regulated area would cover Buxus spp. market distribution and include the area where C. perspectalis was intercepted in the summer of 2023. Although established populations of C. perspectalis were not reported in Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland and Labrador in 2023 it is possible that the pest has established there but has not yet been confirmed
  • Boxwood could move freely within and into provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador
  • Producers of boxwood in the proposed regulated area would only be required to participate in the C. perspectalis program if they ship Buxus spp. plants for planting to non-regulated areas in Canada
  • Future expansions of the regulated area are expected to be less frequent

Disadvantages:

  • Provinces would be regulated where established C. perspectalis populations have not yet been confirmed
  • The CFIA would consider the entire provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador to be regulated and would no longer have measures in place to slow the human-assisted spread of C. perspectalis into and within these provinces
Figure 6: Option 2 – proposed regulated areas for C. perspectalis, including entire provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador:
Figure 6: Option 2 - proposed regulated areas for C. perspectalis, including entire provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Description follows.
Description for image – Figure 6: Option 2 – proposed regulated areas for C. perspectalis, including entire provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador

This image is a map which shows the proposed infested places to be regulated for Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth, in Canada under option 2. Under option 2, the following area would be designated as the infested place for Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth:

  • the entire province of Quebec
  • the entire province of New Brunswick
  • the entire province of Nova Scotia
  • the entire province of Prince Edward Island
  • the entire province of Newfoundland and Labrador

Risk management decision

Consultation

Comments on this risk management document were solicited from stakeholders from January 11 to February 10, 2024. During the comment period, a total of 8 comments from industry, provinces, and provincial associations and provincial governments were received and reviewed. All the respondents, including stakeholders from Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador, were in favor of option 2 which consist of regulating all of the provinces east of Ontario.

After the comment period closed, the CFIA received an additional 5 comments from stakeholders in NB, NS and PEI that expressed concerns about the expansion of the regulated area for BTM.

Decision

Based on the risk assessment, and after analyzing all comments received, the CFIA has decided to move forward with a modified option 2, excluding PEI as the pest has not yet been confirmed as established there and there was opposition from stakeholders in the province.  Surveillance will be required in PEI to monitor pest establishment. Buxus spp. plants for planting can move freely within, and between, the provinces of Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,  and Newfoundland and Labrador. Further, the costs associated with monitoring and adjusting the boundary of the regulated area will be minimized. Directive D-22-04 and the Box Tree Moth Order have been revised to reflect the expanded area.

References

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  • CABI. 2020. C. perspectalis (box tree moth). CAB International, Wallingford, U. K.
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