D- 99-07: Policy for Importation from the United States and Domestic Movement of Plum Pox Virus (PPV) susceptible Prunus Propagative Plant Material

Effective Date: September 9, 2013
(5th Revision)

Subject:

This directive describes the import requirements for Prunus (stone fruit) nursery stock and propagative plant material, including seeds, from the continental United States (U.S.) to Canada. This directive also provides the movement requirements for Prunus nursery stock and other regulated Prunus material within Canada. In addition, restrictions and program parameters within established quarantine areas in Canada are described.

This revision is necessary to outline restrictions and inspection procedures in relation to the propagation and multiplication of PPV susceptible species within the quarantine area, and adds procedures for CFIA sampling within and around the quarantine area. In addition, the list of approved U.S. States with certification programs has been removed from the directive and moved to a separate document which can be accessed via the link in Appendix 3.

Table of Contents

• Review
• Endorsement
• Amendment Record
• Distribution
• Introduction
• Scope
• References
• Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronym
• 1.0 General Requirements
  • 1.1 Legislative Authority
  • 1.2 Fees
  • 1.3 Regulated Pests
  • 1.4 Exempt Commodities
  • 1.5 Regulated Commodities
  • 1.6 Regulated Areas
• 2.0 Import Requirements
• 3.0 Domestic Requirements
• 4.0 Restrictions within PPV Quarantine Areas
  • 4.1 Propagation and Multiplication Restrictions
  • 4.2 Restrictions Governing the Sale of PPV-Susceptible Prunus  Material within a PPV Quarantine Area
• 5.0 Inspection Procedures
  • 5.1 Propagation and Multiplication Inspections
  • 5.2 Sampling Within and Around Established PPV Quarantine Areas
• 6.0 Non-compliances
  • 6.1 Non-compliant Imported Material
  • 6.2 Non-compliance with Propagation and Multiplication Restrictions
• 7.0 Appendices
• Appendix 1: List of Prunus species of the subgenera Cerasus, Padus and Laurocerasus that are non-susceptible to the D-strain of PPV
• Appendix 2: List of Prunus species that are susceptible to the D-strain of PPV
• Appendix 3: List of U.S. states with approved virus certification programs
• Appendix 4: List of PPV quarantine areas in Canada
• Appendix 5: Import Requirements for PPV Susceptible and Non-susceptible Material from the Continental United States
• Appendix 6: Domestic Requirements for PPV Susceptible and Non-susceptible Material

Review

This directive will be updated as required. For further information or clarification contact the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.

Endorsement

Approved by:

Chief Plant Health Officer

Amendment Record

Amendments to this directive will be dated and distributed as outlined in the distribution below.

Distribution

1. Directive mail list (Regions, PHRA, USDA)
2. Provincial Government, Industry (via Regions)
3. National Industry Organizations (determined by Author)
4. Provincial Industry Organizations (determined by Author)
5. Internet

Introduction

Plum Pox Virus (PPV) is a virus that affects Prunus species such as P. domestica and P. persica, as well as ornamental Prunus varieties such as P. cistena and P. glandulosa. Appendix 2 contains a complete list of susceptible species. Symptoms of the virus may include chlorotic ring spots on leaves and fruit, decrease in fruit yield as well as early fruit drop. There is no treatment for PPV and once a tree has become infected the only way to prevent the spread and destroy the virus is to remove the tree and roots. The two main pathways in which PPV is spread are aphid feeding and propagation or multiplication with infected material. Propagation and multiplication activities include budding and grafting.

PPV was first detected in Canada in the year 2000 in the provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia. Appendix 4 contains a current list of the quarantine area(s) in Canada. There are several strains of PPV that affect different Prunus species; the strain that has been detected in Canada and the United States (U.S.) is PPV – D (Dideron). This strain does not affect species in three Prunus subgenera, namely Cerasus, Padus or Laurocerasus. Appendix 1 contains a complete list of the species in these subgroups. Isolated detections of PPV-W (Winona) and PPV-Rec (Recombinant) have also been found in Canada. However, since the single detection of PPV-W in 2004, the surrounding area has been intensively surveyed with no further detections.

It is important to regulate susceptible material that is imported into Canada as well as material moving domestically in order to prevent any new introductions of PPV into uninfected areas or the introduction of a new strain. As PPV has also been detected in several countries worldwide there are import requirements for nursery stock and propagative material for these countries. Refer to "D-94-35: List of Sources Approved to Export Fruit Tree and Grape Propagative Material to Canada".

Scope

This directive is intended for the use of the Canadian public, CFIA inspection staff and the Canada Border Services Agency in order to prevent the entry and spread of PPV through material of susceptible Prunus species into and within Canada.

References

CFIA, 2000. Plum Pox Potyvirus. Pest Risk Assessment # 99-48. Plant Health Risk Assessment Unit, Science Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (Unpublished)

ISPM No. 4. Requirements for the Establishment of Pest Free Areas. 1995, Rome, FAO.

ISPM No. 5. Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms, 2002. FAO. (updated annually)

Krüssman, G. (1978). Hanbuch der Laubgelhölze, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin et Hamberg. Manual of Cultivated broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs by Timber Press, Portland, Oregon (1986)

NAPPO, 2004. Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures #18. Guidelines for Phytosanitary Action Following Detection of Plum Pox Virus in NAPPO Member Countries.

This directive supersedes D-99-07 (4th Revision) dated February 27, 2006.

Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms

Definitions for terms used in the present document can be found in the Plant Health Glossary of Terms.

1.0 General Requirements

1.1 Legislative Authority

• The Plant Protection Act, s.c. 1990, c.22
• The Plant Protection Regulations, SOR/95-212
• Canadian Food Inspection Agency Fees Notice, Canada Gazette, Part 1 (as amended from time to time)
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act (s.c. 1995, c.40)
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Regulations (SOR/2000-187)

1.2 Fees

The CFIA is charging fees in accordance with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Fees Notice. For information regarding fees associated with imported product, contact the National Import Service Centre (NISC). Anyone requiring other information regarding fees may contact any local CFIA office or visit us at our Fees Notice Web Site

1.3 Regulated Pests

Plum Pox Virus – Sharka

1.4 Exempt Commodities

All PPV non-susceptible Prunus species; refer to Appendix 1 for a list of non-susceptible Prunus species. Pollen, fresh fruit for consumption and dead and dried out branches and logs are also exempt from the requirements of this directive.

1.5 Regulated Commodities

All material of PPV-susceptible Prunus species; refer to Appendix 2 for a list of species susceptible to PPV.

Additional import and domestic requirements may exist for regulated and exempt commodities for other pests and will be outlined in different policy directives. Consult the CFIA website for further information, or see the Automated Import Reference System for more details on import requirements.

1.6 Regulated Areas

Continental US and Canada.

Requirements for countries other than the US can be found in directive "D-94-35: List of Sources Approved to Export Fruit Tree and Grape Propagative Material to Canada".

2.0 Import Requirements

Refer to Appendix 5 for import requirements for PPV susceptible and non-susceptible nursery stock, propagative plant material and seed.

3.0 Domestic Movement Requirements

Refer to Appendix 6 for domestic movement requirements for PPV susceptible and non-susceptible nursery stock, propagative plant material and seed.

4.0 Restrictions Within PPV Quarantine Areas

4.1 Propagation and Multiplication Restrictions

All Prunus PPV-susceptible material (Appendix 2) located within established PPV quarantine areas must not be used for the purposes of propagation or multiplication. Restricting propagation and multiplication within established quarantine areas assists in controlling the spread of regulated pests by restricting an activity that constitutes a biological obstacle to the control of a pest.

4.2 Restrictions Governing the Sale of PPV-Susceptible Prunus Material Within a PPV Quarantine Area

All PPV-susceptible plant material, such as trees and shrubs, may be sold within the quarantine area provided that:

• A detailed record including species and variety of all Prunus material and locations (address and city) to which the material was distributed are kept for one year and made available to the CFIA upon request;
• All sales are made to customers residing within the quarantine area; and
• All material and records are made available for inspection by the CFIA upon request.

5.0 Inspection Procedures

5.1 Propagation and Multiplication Inspections

CFIA inspectors will routinely monitor established PPV quarantine areas to identify locations or individuals who are propagating or multiplying regulated material. Inspections will be based on risk and compliance history of specific locations. Inspectors should inspect properties for activities such as grafting, budding or growing trees from seed.

5.2 Sampling Within and Around Established PPV Quarantine Areas

Once a PPV quarantine area is established, CFIA inspectors will collect samples of select PPV-susceptible species to determine the presence of PPV. Sampling priorities will be determined based on risk. Based on criteria listed with NAPPO RSPM #18, the sample risk categories include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Commercial orchards along the periphery of the quarantine area;
• Commercial orchards up to 10 km outside of the quarantine area;
• Residential locations along the periphery of the quarantine area; and
• Residential locations up to 1.5 km outside of the quarantine area.

All samples collected by the CFIA are to be sent to the Centre for Plant Health, Sidney, B.C. for analysis.

6.0 Non-compliances

6.1 Non-Compliant Imported Material

Shipments must meet all requirements when they reach first point of entry in Canada. Shipments that do not meet requirements or that are found to be infested with quarantine pests may be refused entry and removed from Canada, or disposed of. Infested shipments may be treated prior to disposal. The importer is responsible for all costs relating to treatment, disposal or removal.

6.2 Non-compliance with Propagation and Multiplication Restrictions

Individuals who undertake the activity of propagation or multiplication within the quarantine area may be issued a Notice of Prohibition or Restriction of an Activity from the CFIA which would prohibit further propagation or multiplication of plant material. Violations may be subject to penalties as described within the Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act and Regulations.

7.0 Appendices

• Appendix 1 List of Prunus species of the subgenera Cerasus, Padus and Laurocerasus that are non-susceptible to the D-strain of PPV
• Appendix 2 List of Prunus species that are susceptible to the D-strain of PPV
• Appendix 3 List of US states with approved virus certification programs
• Appendix 4 List of PPV quarantine areas in Canada
• Appendix 5 Import Requirements for PPV Susceptible and Non-susceptible Material from the Continental United States
• Appendix 6 Domestic Movement Requirements for PPV Susceptible and Non-susceptible Material

Appendix 1: List of Prunus Species of the Subgenera Cerasus, Padus and Laurocerasus that are Non-susceptible to the D-strain of PPV

The genus Prunus is in the plant family Rosaceae. The group Prunus can be subdivided into smaller, more closely related groups, which share common characteristics. The D (Dideron) strain of plum pox virus (PPV) found in the US and Canada does not affect species in three subgenera of the genus Prunus, namely subgenus Cerasus, Padus and Laurocerasus. The following classification of these three subgenera is an abbreviation of that provided in the "Manual of Cultivated Broad-leaved Trees & Shrubs" by Gerd Krüssman, 1978, translated by Michael E. Epp, 1986, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Species in the three subgenera listed below may be imported into Canada or moved domestically within Canada. Imported material must meet import requirements as well as be clearly marked to show species (scientific name) or, in the case of interspecific varieties, species of parents (scientific names). For example, the cherry rootstock hybrid Geisela 5 is a cross between P. cerasus and P. canescens (Geisela 5 = P. cerasus × P. canescens).

Subgenus Cerasus includes many of the species commonly called cherries; it has been broken up into several subgroups. Although some of these species are known to be susceptible to cherry strains (PPV-C) of PPV, none are known to be susceptible to other strains, such as PPV-M and PPV-D. In some species, inoculation studies have shown that the virus may be introduced to a plant but replication does not occur and the infection dies out.

Species in this subgroup include:

• P. apetala
• P. avium
• P. campanulata
• P. canescens
• P. cerasoides
• P. cerasus
• P. changyangensis
• P. conadenia
• P. concinna
• P. cyclamina
• P. dawyckensis
• P. dielsiana
• P. effusa
• P. emarginata
• P. eminens
• P. fontanesiana
• P. fruticosa
• P. gonduinii
• P. hillieri
• P. hirtipes
• P. incisa
• P. juddii
• P. kurilensis
• P. litigiosa
• P. maackii
• P. macradenia
• P. mahaleb
• P. maximowiczii
• P. mugus
• P. nipponica
• P. pensylvanica
• P. pilosiuscula
• P. pleiocerasus
• P. pseudocerasus
• P. rufa
• P. sargentii
• P. schmittii
• P. serrula
• P. serrulata
• P. setulosa
• P. speciosa
• P. subhirtella
• P. tatsienensis
• P. yedoensis

Subgenus Padus is a small group of ornamental cherry species which are also not susceptible to common strains of PPV.

These species include:

• P. alabamensis
• P. buergeriana
• P. cornuta
• P. grayana
• P. laucheana
• P. padus
• P. sericea
• P. serotina
• P. ssiori
• P. vaniotii
• P. virens
• P. virginiana
• P. wilsonii

Subgenus Laurocerasus includes the cherry laurels. Like other cherries, none of these has been shown to be susceptible to common strains of plum pox, such as PPV-M or PPV-D.

These species include:

• P. caroliniana
• P. ilicifolia
• P. laurocerasus
• P. lusitanica
• P. lyonii
• P. spinulosa
• P. wallichii
• P. zippeliana

Appendix 2: List of Prunus Species that are Susceptible to the D-strain of PPV

All commercial and ornamental propagative material (including trees, cuttings, budwood, scionwood and rootstocks) of Prunus spp. (other than those listed elsewhere in this directive that are considered non-susceptible), which includes plums, apricots, peaches, almonds, and related species, including but not limited to:

Appendix 3 - List of U.S. States with Approved Virus Certification Programs

Please refer to directive "D-94-35: List of Sources Approved to Export Fruit Tree and Grape Propagative Material to Canada

Appendix 4 - List of Plum Pox Virus (PPV) Quarantine Areas in Canada

Please refer to the Plum Pox Virus Infested Places Order for a listing and map of the PPV quarantine areas in Canada

Appendix 5 - Import Requirements for Plum Pox Virus Susceptible and Non-susceptible Material from the Continental United States^Footnote 1

Note: All susceptible and non-susceptible material, including seed, must come from a U.S. state with an approved virus certification program. For a list of states with an approved virus certification program refer to appendix 3.

Appendix 6: Domestic Movement Requirements for Plum Pox Virus Susceptible and Non-susceptible Material

Note: Refer to appendix 4 for a list of PPV quarantine area(s) in Canada.