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Biosecurity for Canadian Cervid Farms Producer Planning Guide

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Quick reference guide
Summary of principles, strategies and target outcomes

Principle 1: Management of farm, facilities and equipment

Goal: Minimize the effect that farm, facilities and equipment have as contributors to disease transmission.

Strategy 1.1: Assess the biosecurity risks of the area where the farm is located or to be located

Target outcome: Producers understand the risks of the areas they have chosen or are choosing for their farm and manage the risks appropriately.

Strategy 1.2: Assess and identify areas of risk on the farm

Target outcome: Areas of risk on the farm are identified and managed to reduce risks.

Strategy 1.3: Create a diagram of the farm layout

Target outcome: A farm diagram is used to identify farm layout, infrastructure and risk areas.

Strategy 1.4: Clean and disinfect facilities, equipment and vehicles

Target outcome: Cleaning and disinfection methods that are effective in reducing the risk of disease transmission are established and are used for facilities, equipment and vehicles entering, exiting and on the farm.

Strategy 1.5: Design and maintain facilities to reduce disease risks

Target outcome: Facilities are designed and maintained in good repair to reduce access by pests, facilitate cleaning and disinfection, and reduce the accumulation of pathogens and populations of pests. Considerations for biosecurity should be included when selecting a location and designing or renovating facilities

Strategy 1.6: Reduce risk posed by equipment and vehicles

Target outcome: Vehicle and equipment access to and movement within the farm premises is managed to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

Strategy 1.7: Manage manure

Target outcome: Accumulations of manure, particularly in winter housing, and around feeding and watering areas are regularly removed and moved in a manner that limits exposure to the herd. Dedicated tools and equipment are used for manure handling, or cleaned and disinfected, prior to other uses. Manure is disposed of or dispersed to minimize pathogen and pest populations.

Strategy 1.8: Manage feed, water and bedding

Target outcome: Management practices are in place to ensure that feed, water, and bedding are of sufficient quantity and quality, and mitigation measures are in place to reduce the risks posed by pathogens and pests.

Strategy 1.9: Manage deadstock

Target outcome: Deadstock, unless anthrax is suspected, are removed immediately from livestock rearing areas and moved in a manner that limits cross-contamination with the herd. Placentas and aborted material and other tissues are managed as deadstock. The deadstock disposal area is located away from the production area and is secured against pets and wildlife. Disposal respects local regulations and is done in a manner that limits disease exposure to the herd.

Principle 2: Animal health management practices

Goal: Maximize the health, well-being and productivity of the herd by implementing a herd health program, managing cervid movements and minimizing contact with other animals.

Strategy 2.1: Sourcing cervids

Target outcome: Animals are sourced from suppliers with herds of known health status or the health status of new animals aligns with the resident herd.

Strategy 2.2: Separate herd additions and returning cervids of undetermined health status from the resident herd (isolation)

Target outcome: Animals brought onto the farm (herd additions and returning animals) are separated from the resident herd and isolated until their disease status has been determined or is resolved.

Strategy 2.3: Minimize contact with other livestock, domestic animals, and pests

Target outcome: Cervid farms are managed to maintain habitat for many desirable species of flora and fauna while minimizing disease risks. Cervids in the resident herd are housed, moved and pastured in such a manner that the risk of contact with other livestock and domestic animals of undetermined health status and pests is minimized. An integrated pest control program should be maintained.

Strategy 2.4: Develop and implement a herd health program

Target outcome: A herd health program is implemented, and serves as the basis for monitoring herd health and proactively identifying and minimizing the risk of disease transmission. The program describes the health regimens and practices used for daily care and disease prevention and control.

Strategy 2.5: Manage and treat sick animals

Target outcome: Animals showing signs of disease may be treated within the herd or moved into an isolation area away from the healthy herd and treated as necessary.

Strategy 2.6: Develop a response plan for disease outbreaks

Target outcome: A disease response plan is developed and implemented to guide response activities when disease is suspected, identified or there is deterioration in health status. The plan should identify triggers for activating the response plan, requirements for enhanced biosecurity and, if warranted self-imposed whole farm isolation procedures (biocontainment).

Principle 3: Management of people

Goal: Minimize the potential risk posed by all farm visitors and farm personnel through the establishment of protocols, training and communication.

Strategy 3.1: Train farmworkers about biosecurity

Target outcome: All farm workers and family members are trained in and consistently implement the farm's biosecurity practices. The farm biosecurity protocol is communicated to visitors and service providers and they comply with it.

Strategy 3.2: Determine the risks posed by people

Target outcome: The potential risks posed by visitors and farm personnel for disease transmission are determined.

Strategy 3.3: Develop and implement risk management practices for all people entering the farm

Target outcome: People working on, providing service to or visiting the farm are guided by defined risk management practices.

Strategy 3.4: Manage zoonotic disease risks

Target outcome: Family members, farm workers, visitors and service providers understand the risks posed by zoonotic diseases and take precautions to protect themselves other people and animals.

Principle 4: Protocols and record-keeping

Goal: Establish protocols and maintain records to facilitate managing, improving and validating the biosecurity program and health status of the herd.

Strategy 4.1: Protocols for animal health and farm management practices

Target outcome: Important biosecurity protocols are readily available to staff, family and service providers as needed, to facilitate reference, training, review and consistent implementation.

Strategy 4.2: Herd and individual animal health records

Target outcome: Herd health and individual animal health records are maintained and reviewed to ensure optimum health and productivity of the herd.

Strategy 4.3: Farm management records

Target outcome: Records of farm management activities, including biosecurity measures, are maintained and reviewed.

Strategy 4.4: Education and training activities

Target outcome: Records of education and training of farm workers are maintained and reviewed to ensure they have the requisite knowledge and skills to successfully conduct their duties.

Chapter 1: Introduction and background

1.1 Purpose of a national standard and planning guide

This document has been developed to support the National Cervid Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard and assist producers in developing and implementing farm-specific biosecurity plans to manage infectious diseases in the cervid Footnote 1 industry. It contains guidelines and recommendations on minimizing infectious disease risks and sample forms for producers to begin developing their biosecurity plan. The guide is organized in a similar manner to the standard and can be used in whole or in part.

Specialized knowledge in animal husbandry, behaviour and handling practices is required for raising cervids. Inexperienced cervid producers must educate themselves on species specific care and handling and should seek assistance from knowledgeable producers and/or provincial organizations to ensure the animal health and welfare needs of their animals are met.

1.2 What is biosecurity

Biosecurity is used to protect the health of animals from infectious diseases. It is a set of principles and practices that are used to reduce the risks posed by pathogens and pests. The biosecurity standard provides measures that cervid producers may take to minimize the introduction of pathogens and pests onto a farm, their spread within the operation, and release off the farm.

Biosecurity may be defined as a set of practices used to minimize the presence of pests and the transmission of pathogens in animal and plant populations including their introduction (bio-exclusion), spread within the populations (bio-management), and release (bio-containment).

Biosecurity relies on the consistent use of a combination of procedural measures and physical barriers designed to disrupt the transmission of pathogens. These measures and barriers target opportunities for pathogen transmission that occur during routine animal care (e.g. contact with potentially contaminated equipment or materials), risks posed by less frequent activities (e.g. introduction of new animals to the herd) and changing risks (e.g. increased movement of animals and people onto and off of a property). To be effective, biosecurity measures must be applied consistently day to day, and on an ongoing basis.

The threat of infectious disease is always present. In the context of most farm operations, completely eliminating all threats is usually impractical and not achievable. Therefore, at the farm level, it is more appropriate to view biosecurity in terms of risk management, rather than risk elimination.

Biosecurity requires balancing the:

  • risk of disease transmission
  • consequences of disease occurring
  • measures required to minimize disease

The level of disease risk that is considered acceptable is likely to vary among cervid producers based on their business goals, species raised, management practices, products marketed and individual risk tolerances. These factors should be taken into account when developing premises-specific biosecurity plans. Ideally, plan development should be accomplished with the assistance of a veterinarian familiar with the cervid industry and the internal and external disease threats. Biosecurity plans must be practical, achievable and sustainable. Because the consequences of disease are many and far reaching, cervid producers should not look at their own biosecurity and risk tolerance without consideration of the industry as a whole.

Biosecurity is not a new concept. Many daily activities that cervid producers perform include biosecurity measures. Many biosecurity measures are not difficult or expensive to implement.

1.3 Why is biosecurity important in the cervid industry

Animal health, welfare and food safety are intricately linked. Society demands that farm-raised animals are well cared for, free of disease and the products obtained are safe and of high quality. Freedom from disease and a high herd health status are important in Canada's cervid industry which raises elk, red deer, white-tailed deer, fallow deer, mule deer and reindeer. High herd health status facilitates market access, which is important for promoting the wide variety of cervid products which include meat, antler velvet, hard antler, trophy animals, and breeding stock.

The impacts of infectious disease in cervids can be significant and devastating. Disease can range from mild illness to death, from sporadic cases to extensive disease outbreaks. Even mild disease can result in chronic or permanent damage, decreased production (e.g. reproduction, product, and growth), increased financial costs, welfare concerns and potential risks to human health. Farms and facilities with poor biosecurity may become a significant risk to the industry. Every cervid producer should have a biosecurity plan that is implemented and reviewed on an ongoing basis.

What the standard and planning guide are and are not

The standard and planning guide are: The standard and planning guide are not:
Voluntary Mandatory
A set of risk-based management guidelines, addressing disease in a broad context, warranting thought and consideration in most cervid operations across Canada A list of "must-do(s)," designed for a specific disease, to be achieved regardless of regional and operational differences
Based upon target outcomes, each of which can be achieved in a variety of ways A prescriptive set of practices
Specific to biosecurity practices used by the Canadian cervid industry Taken from another sector or country, and re-designed for the Canadian cervid farming sector
Practical and science-based, developed with consideration for the transmission of infectious pathogens across the range of cervid production systems Idealistic, developed without consideration for the feasibility of implementation
Developed to address a broad range of cervid diseases Not focused on addressing a specific disease
A collaborative project, developed by producers, subject matter experts, advisory groups, and leaders in industry and government The work of one stakeholder

Chapter 2: Overview and use of the producer planning guide

2.1 How to use the biosecurity guide

The National Standard provides guidelines and recommendations that may be implemented. The complex and variable nature of the cervid industry, regional differences, and other factors prevent the development of one set of specific guidelines and recommendations that are optimal for all cervid species and production systems.

The Producer Planning Guide accompanies the National Standard. This Guide identifies additional details and biosecurity intervention measures for producers to consider as they work to implement the National Standard on their farms. The National Standard and the Producer Planning Guide work together to provide an integrated framework for use by cervid producers.

2.2 Overview of the structure of the Producer Planning Guide

Both the National Standard and Producer Planning Guide consist of four sections, each relating to an on-farm biosecurity Principle.

A general goal has been identified for each biosecurity principle. To support meeting the goals, target outcomes, organized by similar activities (strategies) have been developed to provide overall direction for reducing disease risks. The target outcome approach provides the flexibility for producers to design biosecurity plans that will work on their farms. Best practices for each target outcome provide practical guidance on how producers may achieve the desired result.

2.3 Disclaimer

This document is provided to producers for information purposes only.

Although the authors of this document have made efforts to ensure accuracy and completeness of this document, errors and omissions may have occurred. The authors of, and contributors to, this document, including their employees, accept no responsibility for any loss or damage sustained by any person and/or entity resulting from information contained in this document.

The authors of, and contributors to, this document including their employees, do not make any warranty, express or implied, and assume no legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, reliability, completeness or usefulness of any information, product, or process in this Guide.

This document should not be relied upon to determine your legal obligations. If you wish to determine your legal obligations, you must consult the relevant law and you may wish to seek advice from a lawyer. In the event of a conflict between the information in this document and any applicable law, the law prevails.

The authors reserve the right to modify this document as required from time to time and without prior notice

The information in this document is current as of March 31, 2018. There may be new information, not included here, that could affect the information contained in this document.

Chapter 3: Developing a farm biosecurity plan

Steps in developing a farm specific biosecurity plan

Developing a farm or facility biosecurity plan involves achieving the right balance between disease risk and prevention. Biosecurity can substantially reduce disease risks; however, producers will need to evaluate the expected benefits (such as improved health, productivity and welfare) against the feasibility and costs of implementation, and the impacts associated with the disease occurring.

Prior to developing a biosecurity plan, it is important to understand the potential disease risks to the herd, the pathogens responsible and how they are transmitted.

Disease risks: Consider cervid diseases present in the herd, those that commonly occur in the local area and those that less commonly occur but may be present. Some diseases may be important to your herd or at a regional or national level.

Pathogens: Understand the pathogens responsible for the disease. Some bacteria such as those responsible for Johne's disease or tuberculosis (Mycobacteria) can be shed by infected animals and survive for a long time in the environment under cool, damp conditions. Prions associated with Chronic Wasting Disease have been shown to be extremely persistent in the environment.

Transmission route: know the routes of transmission of the diseases of primary concern. Each disease is transmitted in specific ways  – for example, by direct contact with infected animals or by indirect contact with the infectious agent through manure, air, water and feed, or by contact with tools, equipment or any facilities contaminated with infectious material.

Ensuring the nutritional and physiological needs of cervids, which together with proper handling practices help minimize stress factors, thereby reducing susceptibility to infectious diseases.

Refer to the National Cervid Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard, Chapter 2: Principles of disease transmission.

Step 1: Review management practices (Assess / Plan)

The location of the premises and farm management practices pose risks for disease exposure and transmission. By examining the premises and identifying the activities that occur on the farm, potential disease transmission risks can be identified and then management practices developed to minimize their occurrence.

Farm location, particularly proximity to other farms with similar species and high livestock density, can increase opportunities for pathogens to be present and introduced into your herd. The presence of ponds and wild animal habitat can result in exposure to pathogens and animals of unknown health status.

Most animal care and management practices pose a risk for introducing and spreading disease whether it is daily feeding or less frequent service calls. One way to identify biosecurity risks is to list the steps involved in completing a task and asses the likelihood for disease transmission.

Complete a biosecurity risk evaluation and review the biosecurity plan annually.

Refer to Appendix 2: Biosecurity Risk Evaluation Checklist.

Step 2: Identify biosecurity goals and best practices (Plan)

Using the biosecurity standard and guide, identify biosecurity goals and best practices that can be implemented to address the biosecurity gaps. Many of the biosecurity measures will be effective at minimizing the risks posed by a wide range of pathogens and pests during farm activities. However, there are some pathogens and activities that may require specific interventions. Producers should discuss these needs with their veterinarian and/or provincial/industry specialists to ensure the biosecurity measures are adequate for the identified risks.

Step 3: Develop a strategy to implement the plan (Implement)

While all biosecurity risks need to be addressed, some will be more critical than others. Prioritize the biosecurity tasks and establish a timeline for their completion identifying short term and long-term goals. This can improve farm efficiencies by helping to direct resources (e.g. finances, time, and labour etc.) to the areas of greatest risk.

One method of prioritizing biosecurity risks is to consider the likelihood of the biosecurity risk to be present or to occur and the consequence of it occurring. The significance of the risk is then determined by the interaction of the likelihood and consequence of it occurring.

When looking to implement the plan, establish short term goals and activities. These:

Establish long-term activities. These can:

Step 4: Review the effectiveness of the biosecurity plan and continuous improvement (Monitor)

The effectiveness of the biosecurity plan is measured by the integration of biosecurity practices, into daily routines and the impact on the health status of cervids on the property. It is through monitoring and reviewing the biosecurity program that improvements can be implemented.

Figure 1: Developing and maintaining your biosecurity plan

Figure 1: Developing and maintaining your biosecurity plan. Description follows.
Description of Figure 1 - Developing and maintaining your biosecurity plan

Figure 1 is an illustration of the cycle of activities that should be completed to develop and implement a biosecurity plan. The cycle of biosecurity activities has four items in the centre with arrows pointing between them in clockwise direction. The first item at the top of the cycle is Assess. Moving clockwise, the second item is Plan, the third item is Implement and the fourth item is Monitor. There is a text box by each of these items in the cycle (four in total). Above the word Assess there is a box with the following text: Identify and evaluate the animal health risks posed by pathogens and pests on an on-going basis. To the right of the word Plan there is a box with the following text inside: Develop a written biosecurity plan. Below the word Implement is a text box with the following text inside: Put the plan into action. To the left of the word Monitor is a text box with the following text: Develop and implement a monitoring program and adjust your biosecurity plan accordingly.

Chapter 4: The biosecurity standard

Principle 1: Management of farm, facilities and equipment

Goal: Minimize the effect that farm, facilities and equipment have as contributors to disease transmission.

Strategy 1.1: Assess the biosecurity risks of the area where the farm is located or to be located.

Target outcome

Producers understand the risks of the areas they have chosen or are choosing for their farm and manage the risks appropriately.

Description

The location of a farm can affect the risk of disease exposure, particularly the proximity to other farms raising similar species, other livestock operations, wild animal habitat and the presence of diseases that may affect the particular species that you are planning to raise. When higher animal densities are present in an area, there can be increased shedding and accumulation of pathogens resulting in a greater risk of exposure. However, not all pathogens pose the same risk. The properties of the pathogen, such as the length of time it survives in the environment, the mode of transmission and the number of organisms required to result in infection will influence infection rates. Understanding these differences and the role environmental conditions play in pathogen survival is important in adequately assessing risks.

If constructing a new facility, areas that are less densely populated by cervids can reduce the risk of exposure to pathogens. However, in less densely populated livestock areas, access to veterinary services, feed suppliers and other farm services may be reduced. Assess your needs and balance the potential benefits of a location with the accessibility to farm services.

Best practices

Strategy 1.2: Assess and identify areas of risk on the farm 

Target outcome

Areas of risk on the farm are identified and managed to reduce risks.

Description

Biosecurity plans are based on a risk assessment of the farm's operations, the people on the farm, providing service or visiting the farm facilities. An accepted approach to risk assessment is to consider the diseases of concern to the farm, and to document how those diseases are known to be transmitted. Then, identify where risk points exist in cervid operations, human activities, presence of known vectors such as pests, and facilities and how they are maintained. Risk points in this context are where pathogens could be transmitted, both directly to cervids and also indirectly to cervids via other means.

There are some areas on a farm and some activities that pose a greater potential risk of disease spread. Identifying these areas and activities allows practices to be implemented for reducing potential contamination to minimize opportunities for transmission to the herd during day-to-day activities. They allow the separation of areas requiring elevated biosecurity, for example locations where animals congregate or where treatments and handling procedures occur. Locations where pathogens may be present pose a higher risk; for example, isolation areas for sick animals or animals of undetermined health status. Additionally, pens/pastures bordered by livestock of unknown health status or animals that pose a potential health risk.

Activities requiring a higher degree of biosecurity may include: breeding, vaccination, other proactive health treatments, and disease observation. If the areas are designed correctly, biosecurity practices can be implemented with minimal disruption to normal production activities.

Lower-risk areas include facilities that support animal production or are indirectly involved in animal production (for example, areas where service providers and farm workers circulate, laneways, parking areas, and equipment sheds). It may also include pastures not currently occupied with animals, depending on history of use.

The layout and management practices of individual farms help to decide whether deadstock handling, production waste (for example manure), and other aspects should be managed as higher or lower risk areas.

Within higher risk areas (where animals are present), there will be differences in the population of animals. There are:

Designated risk areas can be enhanced when:

Best practices
Visitors please respect farm biosecurity. Please contact the manager before entering. Do not enter property without prior approval. Keep to roadways and laneways.

Strategy 1.3: Create a diagram of the farm layout

Target outcome

A farm diagram is used to illustrate farm layout, infrastructure and risk areas.

Description

The use of a map or diagram of the farm layout is recommended to facilitate disease risk management. In addition to farm layout and infrastructure, the diagram can highlight areas of specific activities where cervids of different disease susceptibility might be exposed to one another; where people, tools, equipment and vehicles might come in contact with cervids; and where pathogens might be present on the farm.

Best practices

Identify the following areas on a farm diagram:

Refer to farm diagrams in Appendix 3

Strategy 1.4: Clean and disinfect facilities, equipment and vehicles

Target outcome

Cleaning and disinfection methods that are effective in reducing the risk of disease transmission are established and are used for facilities, equipment and vehicles entering, exiting and on the farm.

Description

Cleaning and disinfection are important activities to minimize the accumulation of pathogens and reduce the risk of disease transmission. Clean handling facilities, pen areas, feeders, waterers, equipment and vehicles as necessary to remove organic material that can harbour pathogens or other contaminants; disinfect as required. Frequent cleaning and disinfection reduces the build-up of biofilms on surfaces; biofilms can protect and even promote the growth of certain organisms. Biofilms can also damage surfaces so removing them can minimize damage to infrastructure. Scheduled cleaning and disinfection minimizes the accumulation of pathogens, debris, organic material, and biofilms, and reduces the infection pressure to which animals are exposed.

Chemicals used to disinfect are not effective if the surface has not been previously thoroughly cleaned of organic matter. Disinfectant use is guided by the principle: the right product for the right contact time for the right reasons used in the right manner. Drying must occur after cleaning and after disinfection. Cleaning and disinfection protocols should be developed to address farm specific identified risks. The protocol should explain the cleaning procedure and identify which disinfectants are appropriate.

Employing a sufficient downtime cycle between uses –a period of time without animals –allows specific disease agents to be inactivated by natural processes and significantly reduces pathogen and parasite loads. The time period will vary depending on the disease agent of concern. However, some organisms will live for months (e.g. parasites) to years (e.g. the bacteria which cause necrobacillosis, Johne's disease, coccidial oocysts, spores which cause anthrax and clostridial diseases, and prions associated with Chronic Wasting Disease).

Refer to Appendix 4: Selected disinfectants and Appendix 5: Cleaning and disinfecting procedures

It is important that facilities be designed to facilitate cleaning and disinfection, and consideration is given to using materials and equipment that can readily be disinfected. Materials with porous surfaces should be avoided where possible.

Best practices

Strategy 1.5: Design and maintain facilities to reduce disease risks

Target outcome

Facilities are designed and maintained in good repair to reduce access by pests, facilitate cleaning and disinfection, and reduce the accumulation of pathogens and populations of pests. Considerations for biosecurity should be included when selecting a location and designing or renovating facilities.

Description

Facilities, including buildings, barns, handling squeeze, fences, and pens, are not generally the means of introducing disease to the herd. Nevertheless, their involvement may lie in the persistent transfer of disease within a herd, where they are repeatedly used to shelter or process cervids, some of which may have disease. Thus, keeping facilities clean helps reduce the possible transfer of disease within a herd.

Best practices

Strategy 1.6: Reduce risk posed by equipment and vehicles

Target outcome

Vehicle and equipment access to and movement within the farm premises is managed to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

Description

Vehicles, including cars, trucks, and trailers can serve as mechanical vectors for pathogen and pest transmission, often over long distances. Farm equipment such as quads, feed carts and tools can spread pathogens within the farm while service providers can spread pathogens between farms.

Best practices
Entering and exiting the farm
On farm

Strategy 1.7: Manage manure

Target outcome

Accumulations of manure, particularly in winter housing, and around feeding and watering areas are regularly removed and moved in a manner that limits exposure to the herd. Manure is managed and disposed of to reduce the opportunity for the build-up of pathogens and pest populations and potential contamination of production areas and pastures. Dedicated tools and equipment are used for manure handling, or cleaned and disinfected, prior to other uses.

Description

Many important pathogens including viruses, bacteria (e.g. necrobacillosis, Johne's), prions (e.g. CWD) and parasites are shed in cervid manure, and may be an important source of environmental contamination. The degree of risk posed by pathogens in manure may be greater in intensive management situations, where manure may more readily accumulate and is also protected from natural degradation by weather elements.

Manure that is brought on to the farm from other sources for use as fertilizer also poses a risk.

Composting can be an effective method of managing manure and involves the aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) decomposition of material. It is an active process; requires appropriate nutrient ratios, moisture and mixing; and generates heat. This process is distinct from anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of material and/or weathering of manure which does not produce sufficient heat to inactivate pathogens and pests. Aerobic composting also reduces odors that can occur through anaerobic composting or piling manure reduces the volume of material and increases the availability of nutrients.

Best practices

Strategy 1.8: Manage feed, water and bedding

Target outcome

Management practices are in place to ensure that feed, water, and bedding are of sufficient quantity and quality, and mitigation measures are in place to reduce the risk by pathogens and pests.

Description

Feed, water, and bedding (where used) may all pose a risk of introduction of disease. Obtain inputs from safe and reliable sources and protect them from contamination by pathogen and pests when on farm.

However, there may be circumstances in which the safety, reliability, or efficacy of certain inputs may be beyond a producer's control. For example, water may be contaminated by animals (domestic or wild) or other factors, on a seasonal basis or as a result of a specific event. Open water sources such as ponds and lakes and seasonally wet areas can be a source of and/or promote the survival of pathogens and parasites including those responsible for tuberculosis, Johne's disease, leptospirosis, necrobacillosis, and liver flukes among others.

Producers should be aware of these risks and manage them through a range of practices that may include selection of different sources, increased monitoring, and vaccination.

Best practices

Strategy 1.9: Manage deadstock

Target outcome

Deadstock, unless anthrax is suspected, are removed immediately from livestock rearing areas and moved in a manner that limits cross-contamination with the herd. Aborted material and other tissues are managed as deadstock. The deadstock disposal area is located away from the production area and is secured against domestic and wild animals. Disposal respects local regulations and is done in a manner that limits disease exposure to the herd.

Description

Preventing direct and indirect contact with deadstock is an important means of controlling disease.

Deadstock and aborted fetuses may be associated with the presence of disease. Therefore, efforts should be made to determine the underlying cause. Post-mortem examinations and disease investigations should be conducted when the cause of death or abortion is not readily apparent. These examinations and investigations provide significant information and can assist in reducing additional health risks to the herd from infectious and non-infectious sources. Post-mortem examinations should be conducted as soon as possible following death of an animal to acquire tissue samples of high quality and to prevent scavenging of the carcass.

Where reportable and immediately notifiable diseases are a concern contact your veterinarian and the appropriate government authorities. Examples include anthrax and CWD.

Disposal by natural means is allowed in certain provinces on range or pasture, and is subject to conditions. Other means available for disposing of livestock may include burying, composting, burning, and rendering.

Best practices

Principle 2: Animal health management practices

Goal: Maximize the health, well-being and productivity of the herd by implementing a herd health program, managing cervid movements and minimizing contact with other animals.

Strategy 2.1: Sourcing cervids

Target outcome

Animals are sourced from suppliers with herds of known health status or the health status of new animals aligns with the resident herd.

Description

New animals pose a significant risk for the introduction of disease to resident cervids and premises. It is important to note that animals may be sub-clinically infected which means they appear healthy yet are carrying a pathogen. Measures can be taken to reduce this risk (e.g. testing for diseases and veterinary health exams prior to arrival), however, some infected animals may not be identified depending on the tests used and/or the stage of infection.

Best practices

Strategy 2.2: Separate herd additions and returning cervids of undetermined health status from the resident herd (Isolation).

Target outcome

Animals brought onto the farm (herd additions and returning animals) are separated from the resident herd and isolated until their disease status has been determined or is resolved.

Description

Separating animals that are of undetermined health status or known to be ill from the resident herd is an important disease control and prevention strategy referred to as isolation.

Isolation includes preventing direct contact between these animals and the resident herd and minimizing indirect contact with potentially contaminated equipment, clothing, and other materials on the site. During the period of isolation, the health status of the animals is monitored and vaccinations, parasite control and other treatments can be administered to bring the incoming animals to the same health status as the resident herd.

While a permanently designated isolation area is ideal, temporary isolations areas can be created in a pen or pasture in a low traffic location using portable barriers, fencing and gates.

There are a number of factors that influence the length of the isolation period –consult your veterinarian to determine an appropriate length of time. The isolation period normally recommended is longer than the time frame for clinical signs to develop following exposure to the diseases of concern. For many diseases, the isolation period should be at least two to three times the length of the incubation period of the diseases of concern.

When animals are determined to be healthy and/or of equivalent health to the resident herd, they can be released from isolation to join the resident herd.

The stress of segregating animals can create both health and welfare issues. When a lone animal is acquired, a modified isolation whereby a healthy resident animal is placed with the lone animal can reduce the stress of separation. While this increases the risk of disease exposure to one animal, the resident herd is protected, and animal welfare is improved. A compatible animal of the same species should be selected as a herd-mate during this period. Additional considerations for modified isolation must be made during the breeding period.

Best practices

Strategy 2.3: Minimize contact with other livestock, domestic animals and pests

Target outcome

Cervid farms are managed to maintain habitat for many desirable species of flora and fauna while minimizing disease risks. Cervids in the resident herd are housed, moved and pastured in such a manner that the risk of contact with other livestock and domestic animals of undetermined health status and pests is minimized. An integrated pest control program should be maintained.

Description

All animals can be a source of pathogens and transmit them within their own populations and to other animal populations. Certain pathogens and pests have the potential to accumulate in the environment and increase the risk of disease in farmed herds.

Contact between different animal populations (domestic or wild) due to inadequate or broken fencing and gates is a significant concern for the transmission of pathogens.

Best practices

While the precise health status of wild cervids surrounding your farm may not be known, information on the occurrence of specific diseases found in your area or province may be available, and could assist in determining the risk posed to your operation. Therefore, farms should be designed to minimize contact and interaction among different animal populations whether they are captive cervids, wild cervids or other wild animals, other livestock species or domestic pets. Before running other livestock species in the same or adjacent pasture as cervids, consult with your veterinarian regarding disease concerns.

Fencing
Pests

Strategy 2.4: Develop and implement a herd health program

Target outcome

A herd health program is implemented, and serves as the basis for monitoring herd health and proactively identifying and minimizing the risk of disease transmission. The program describes the health regimens and practices used for daily care and disease prevention and control.

Description

Many producers already have established routines and procedures for managing the health of their herds, however, depending on the size and structure of the operation, written protocols may not be present. It is recommended that a herd health program be developed in consultation with a veterinarian or other technical and industry specialists to address the specific needs of the operation. A herd health program provides a consistent approach to manage and achieve high herd health while maintaining a focus on the producer's goals. The use of written documents facilitates consistency, review and training of staff. The herd health program addresses preventive elements such as the provision of high quality food and water, vaccination, parasite control protocols and veterinary care as required. Reactive components of a herd health program address the identification of and response to disease situations.

Best practices

Components of a herd health program should include:

Strategy 2.5: Manage and treat sick animals

Target outcome

Animals showing signs of disease may be treated within the herd or moved into an isolation area away from the healthy herd and treated as necessary.

Description

Management of sick animals may include treatment within the herd, separation (isolation) from the herd and treatment as necessary, or euthanized if recovery is unlikely.

Treatment within the herd may be used for certain cervid species and diseases when separation may result in adverse outcomes and the risk of disease spread is believed to be minimal.

Isolation for sick animals involves preventing direct contact between these animals and the healthy herd and minimizing indirect contact from potentially contaminated equipment, clothing, and other materials on the site. During the period of isolation, the health status of the animals is monitored, diagnostic measures may be taken, and appropriate treatments can be implemented.

There are a number of factors that influence the length of the isolation period –consult your veterinarian to determine an appropriate time period. The objective of isolation is to achieve both a resolution of clinical illness and to minimize the potential for disease transmission. When the animal is deemed to no longer pose a health risk and/or is of equivalent health status, it can return to the general population.

The stress of segregating animals can create health and welfare issues; considerations for this must be taken into account. When a lone animal has been identified as being sick, a modified isolation whereby a healthy or resident animal is placed with the lone animal can reduce the stress of separation. While this increases the risk of disease exposure to one animal, the resident herd is protected, and animal welfare is improved. A compatible animal should be selected as a pen mate. Additional considerations for modified isolations must be made during the rutting period.

Sick animals may be an indication of a larger herd health issue.

Best practices

Strategy 2.6: Develop a response plan for disease outbreaks

Target outcome

A disease response plan is developed and implemented to guide response activities when disease is suspected, identified or there is deterioration in health status. The plan should identify triggers for activating the response plan, requirements for enhanced biosecurity and, if warranted, self-imposed whole farm isolation procedures (biocontainment).

Description

The Standard and Guide are focused on prevention of infection –those practices that can be adopted to reduce the risks of disease occurrence in farmed cervids. However, it is important that producers also have a farm-based plan for response to a disease outbreak or the suspicion of an outbreak on their farm or in their region.

A response plan is a pre-determined set of actions and conditions that are enacted when one or more occurrences, called trigger points, are observed. The trigger points are an early warning that a disease may exist. The plan will include:

Best practices

The response plan should be readily accessible.

In developing such a plan, producers will need to identify the types of disease emergencies that may require a response. These "trigger points" may include:

An initial response may include:

Additional or enhanced biosecurity measures may include:

Principle 3: Management of people

Goal: Minimize the potential risk posed by all farm visitors and farm personnel, through the establishment of protocols, training and communication.

Strategy 3.1: Train farm workers in biosecurity

Target outcome

All farm workers and family members are trained in and consistently implement the farm's biosecurity practices. The farm biosecurity protocol is communicated to visitors and service providers and they comply with it.

Description

The success of biosecurity plans requires the involvement and cooperation of family members and farm workers. They all need to understand and be regularly trained in the specific biosecurity protocols that guide their activities on the farm.

Farm service providers need to be informed of the practices established for the farms they service, both to ensure that they can carry them out and so that they can accommodate them within their own operational and biosecurity practices.

Best practices

Strategy 3.2: Determine the risks posed by people

Target outcome

The potential risks posed by visitors and farm personnel for disease transmission are determined.

Description

The movements of people can spread pathogens onto, within and off of your farm. Clothing, footwear and skin that may be contaminated with pathogens and pests can pose a risk to livestock. It is recommended that producers consider the potential risk of all people entering the farm –family members, farm workers, service providers and visitors –and implement measures to manage the risks.

The potential risk posed by people can be determined by considering:

People with recent livestock contact that will be coming into direct contact with animals pose a higher risk than those without recent livestock contact who will not be coming into contact with the animals. This may include livestock transport drivers and drivers delivering agricultural supplies.

Best practices

In general, these groups could be described as follows:

Figure 2: Assessing risks posed by people

The figure illustrates factors that can be used to determine the risk levels posed by people to a farm premises. Previous contact with farms and livestock and subsequent contact with cervids pose a higher biosecurity risk.
Figure 2 – Assessing risks posed by people. Description follows.
Description of Figure 2 – Assessing risks posed by people

Figure 2 illustrates factors that can be used to determine the risk levels posed by people to a farm premises. On one dimension in the matrix are the risks posed by where people have come from and on the other dimension of the matrix are the risks posed by where people will go on the farm. Those who have been on a farm before arriving, and whether they have interacted directly with livestock contribute to their risk of bringing pathogens with them. On the second dimension, on entry to the farm, they will either have no animal contact or come into contact with animals. Contact with animals requires additional biosecurity measures due to increased risk.

Strategy 3.3: Develop and implement risk management practices for all people entering the farm

Target outcome

People working on, providing service to or visiting the farm are guided by defined risk management practices.

Description

The biosecurity practices implemented for and by visitors, including service providers, is determined by producers. These practices need to be communicated to visitors. Some visitors and service providers are "biosecurity aware" but many are not. Discuss biosecurity expectations and requirements with visitors prior to their arrival and again on arrival. Accompany visitors to ensure biosecurity requirements are implemented appropriately.

All people entering the farm should be aware of the risk of their visit and activities while there. They should know and understand the biosecurity practices that are consistent with that risk determination, including the areas into which they are permitted to go.

The risk of each individual, based on where he/she is permitted to go on the farm, will determine the biosecurity practices that will be needed upon entry onto the farm and into the production area.

For people who are identified to be of high risk, those who have recently been on a farm and who have contacted other animals that are or may be diseased, the following practices can be used:

Best practices

Signs and information can be situated at boundaries, on building and pen entries and on special-risk pens to advise visitors what their limits to access are, and when to apply the higher-level practices

Strategy 3.4: Manage zoonotic disease risks

Target outcome

Family members, farm workers, visitors and service providers understand the risks posed by zoonotic diseases and take precautions to protect themselves, other people and animals.

Description

All livestock may carry pathogens/pests that can be transmitted to, and cause disease in humans. Some of these pathogens/pests may not cause clinical disease in the animals themselves. The risk of such transmission must be communicated to family, staff, and visitors and arrangements made for providing the biosecurity measures, practices and precautions including the necessary equipment.

Some zoonotic diseases are classified as reportable and/or notifiable at the federal or provincial level, and the relevant authorities must be informed.

Note: Animal/human disease transmission is not just one way; human diseases may also be transmitted to animals. Examples of zoonotic diseases include salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, and dermatophytosis.

Best practices

Principle 4: Protocols and record-keeping

Goal: Establish protocols and maintain records to facilitate managing, improving and validating the biosecurity program, and health status of the herd.

Strategy 4.1: Protocols for animal health and farm management practices

Target outcome

Important biosecurity protocols are readily available to staff, family and service providers as needed, to facilitate reference, training, review and consistent implementation.

Description

Biosecurity protocols allow for ready reference and periodic review, facilitate training, and help ensure consistency of application. Biosecurity protocols should be updated when there are changes in procedures. Documents should be readily accessible by staff.

Best practices

Refer to Section 2.4 on Herd Health and Appendix 15 and Appendix 16 for additional information on records and protocols.

Strategy 4.2: Herd and individual animal health records 

Target outcome

Herd health and individual animal health records are maintained and reviewed to ensure optimum health and productivity of the herd.

Description

Animal health records provide more accurate data and enhance the ability to identify disease trends, review previous health issues, and determine the success/failure of treatments within the herd health programs. Records of health events and diagnostic test results are used to initiate interventions and changes to the herd health program, and are important to support herd health status when purchasing or selling animals.

Best practices

Strategy 4.3: Farm management records

Target outcome

Records of farm management activities, including biosecurity measures, are maintained and reviewed.

Description

Important farm management activities should be recorded. Farm records assist in managing the day-to-day activities on the farm (including the details of specific tasks, who was assigned the task and if the task was completed), as well as help to inform management decisions.

Best practices

Maintain and review the following farm management records:

Ongoing analysis of these records allows producers to determine whether all required biosecurity activities are being followed and whether there are gaps to address. In addition, biosecurity records and animal health records can be reviewed together to understand whether biosecurity practices have contributed to changes in animal health on the farm.

Refer to the Appendices for sample biosecurity templates.

Strategy 4.4: Education and training activities

Target outcome

Records of education and training of farm workers are maintained and reviewed to ensure they have the requisite knowledge and skills to successfully conduct their duties.

Description

Records of education and training assist in ensuring staff have the appropriate current knowledge to conduct the farm biosecurity practices.

Best practices

Appendix 1: Glossary

Biofilm:
A community/aggregation of microbial organisms (often bacteria) held together by secretions that form a mucus-like layer on the surfaces of objects including living tissue. The organisms within biofilms bind tightly to each other and to surfaces and are more difficult to remove and inactivate.
Biosecurity:
A set of practices used to minimize the presence of pests and the transmission of pathogens in animal and plant populations including their introduction (bio-exclusion), spread within the populations (bio-management), and release (bio-containment).
Cervid:
Pertaining to or a member of the family cervidae or the deer family of ruminants. Species farmed in Canada include elk, red deer, white-tailed deer, fallow deer, sika deer, mule deer, reindeer and moose.
Cleaning:
The physical removal of organic material from a surface. It includes dry cleaning (scraping, brushing, wiping), a wet cleaning procedure (washing the surface with water and a detergent, soap, enzyme or other chemical) and drying of surfaces. It precedes disinfection.
Commingling:
The mixing of groups of animals of the same species or between animals of a different species.
Composted / Composting:
Is the actively managed process of aerobic decomposition of organic material, primarily by microbes into humus.
Controlled Access Point (CAP):
A visually-defined entry point through which all traffic (vehicles, people, animals, inputs and equipment) will enter a risk area. The CAP provides the ability to control access/movements and implement biosecurity measures to minimize pathogen transmission between risk areas.
Cross-contamination:
The distribution of potentially infectious material from one animal to another, or between facilities, equipment or vehicles by animals, people or things.
Direct contact:
Close physical contact between animals including nose-to-nose, social interaction or breeding.
Disinfectant:
A chemical applied to surfaces to destroy or irreversibly inactivate microorganisms.
Disinfection:
The application of a physical or chemical process to a surface for the purpose of destroying micro-organisms.
Emerging disease:
A new disease or syndrome that occurs from the evolution or change of an existing pathogen or parasite resulting in a change of host range, vector, pathogenicity or strain; or the occurrence of a previously unrecognized infection or disease.
Endemic disease:
Is the constant presence of disease or infectious agent in a specific population or area. In animals, it is sometimes referred to as enzootic disease.
Indirect contact:
Transmission of a pathogen that occurs without directly coming into contact with the source (for example: transferring or a pathogen via an aerosol or contaminated object).
Infection:
The invasion and multiplication or reproduction of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, prions and parasites in the tissues of a living animal.
Infectious disease:
Disease caused by pathogens (e.g. parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi or prions).
Isolation:
The strategy of segregating animals, new or returning animals, and animals that are known to be ill from the resident herd or the general population for a specified time period to ensure an inapparent or subclinical disease/pathogen is not introduced into the resident herd or population.
Morbidity:
Illness or disease; a measure of the frequency of a disease or illness in a population.
Mortality:
Is the measure of the number of deaths in a population.
Outbreak:
The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a population of animals.
Pathogen:
Any disease producing agent or microorganism including but not limited to bacteria, fungi, viruses, prion and parasites.
Pest:
Is an organism (plant, animal –domestic or wild –fungus, bacteria etc.), that injures, irritates or damages livestock or crops or poses a risk for the transmission of disease.
Prion:
Infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins, that proliferate by inducing the normal protein to convert to the abnormal form, and may include pathogenic forms which arise sporadically, as a result of genetic mutation, or by transmission (as by ingestion of infected tissue) and which upon accumulation in the brain cause a prion disease.
Reportable / Notifiable diseases:
May be provincial or federal requirements for the reporting of diseases outlined in their animal disease legislation. For additional information, contact the appropriate authorities.
Post-mortem examination:
A medical procedure conducted on an animal carcass to determine the cause of death and/or the presence of other physical changes, injuries and/or diseases.
Risk:
The chance of an unfavourable event occurring that affects animal and/or human health.
Risk assessment:
The process of evaluating the potential risk a pathogen and/or organism has of causing an unfavourable event that affects animal health/productivity and/or human health and the impact of the event.
Sub-clinical infection:
When an animal is infected with a pathogen without showing clinical signs of disease. May occur early in infection (during the incubation period) or with a very mild form, or following clinical disease. Sub-clinically infected animals may shed pathogens/pests and pose a risk of transmission.
Vector:
An organism such as a mosquito, fly, flea, tick, rodent, animal or person that transmits pathogens from an infected host (a deer or elk) to another animal. A biological vector is one in which the pathogen develops or multiplies in the vector's body before becoming infective to the recipient animal. A mechanical vector is one which transmits an infective organism from one host to another, but which is not essential to the life cycle of the pathogen.
Zoonotic disease:
A disease that can be shared between animals and humans.

Appendix 2: Biosecurity risk evaluation checklist

Biosecurity relies on the consistent use of a combination of procedural measures and physical barriers designed to disrupt the transmission of pathogens. The level of disease risk that is considered acceptable is likely to vary among cervid producers based on their business goals, species raised, management practices, products marketed and individual risk tolerances.

Checklists are provided below for each of the four biosecurity Principles along with summary charts for you to identify any biosecurity gaps and possible actions to correct those gaps.

1. Management of farm, facilities and equipment evaluation checklist

Biosecurity risk evaluation checklist
Biosecurity practices for farm, facilities and equipment

Yes

Good

Sometimes

Warning

No

Alert

N/A Actions to consider
I maintain a written biosecurity plan          
I have made changes to my operation within the past 12 months that are considered in the biosecurity plan.          
I have knowledge of the previous land use of the area where my farm is located.          
My farm is located away from possible sources of disease (other cervid/livestock operations, wildlife, etc.).        
I have an updated farm diagram.          
High-traffic areas are identified in the farm diagram (handling facilities, shipping/receiving areas, etc.).          
High-risk areas are identified in the farm diagram (sick pens, deadstock storage/disposal, isolation areas, etc.).          
High-traffic areas are away from high-risk areas.          
I have established traffic flows for movement of vehicles, equipment, people and animals within my farm.          
My farm has a designated, signed parking area, outside of animal production areas, for visitors, and/or employees.          
My farm has designated protocols for cleaning and disinfecting vehicles, equipment, tools and surfaces.          
Vehicles, equipment, tools and surfaces in contact with incoming animals or sick animals are cleaned and disinfected.          
I have adequate tools and equipment (i.e. pressure washer) to properly clean and disinfect.          
I have dedicated equipment and/or tools to handle contaminated material (deadstock, manure, etc.).          
Facilities (including buildings, barns, chutes, fences, and pens) are maintained in good repair.          
Manure is removed regularly and stored securely.          
Feeders and feeding areas are kept in good condition and clean of manure, old feed and other contaminants.          
Feed and supplements are stored in a location that is dry and secured from access by pests and animals.          
My cervids have access to high quality, clean water.          
Water bowls and water troughs are kept in good condition and cleaned regularly.          
For deadstock, cause of death is determined.          
Deadstock is disposed of appropriately (for example removed to an area away from the herd, facilities, food and water, and secured from scavengers and pests).          
Equipment and tools used to move and handle deadstock is kept in good condition, cleaned and disinfected immediately after use.          

Risk factor review:

  1. What farm, facility and equipment gaps (Warnings and Alerts) have I identified on my farm?
  2. What steps can I take to correct those gaps?

2. Animal health management practices evaluation checklist

Biosecurity risk evaluation checklist
Biosecurity practices for animal health management

Yes

Good

Sometimes

Warning

No

Alert

N/A Actions to consider
The cervids needed to maintain and grow my herd are produced on my farm.          
I purchase new cervids from a limited number of sources with known herd health status equal, or better than mine.          
I introduce new genetics in my herd via semen and embryos.          
All newly-acquired, or returning cervids that are brought to my farm are isolated for a period of time.          
My farm has an isolation area away from areas used by the resident herd, where incoming cervids are monitored daily.          
My farm has designated protocols for animals in isolation.          
My perimeter fence prevents the escape of cervids and the entry of domestic animals and pests.          
I have a written herd health program developed in consultation and supervision of a veterinarian.          
My farm has designated protocols to care for sick animals.          
I have a written disease response plan that outlines what to do in case of a disease outbreak on my farm.          

Risk factor review:

  1. What Animal Health Management gaps (Warnings and Alerts) have I identified on my farm?
  2. What steps can I take to correct those gaps?

3. Management of people evaluation checklist

Biosecurity risk evaluation checklist
Biosecurity practices for management of people

Yes

Good

Sometimes

Warning

No

Alert

N/A Actions to consider
I have a written biosecurity plan describing the practices to follow in different areas of my farm.          
All farm workers (including family members) are trained in the biosecurity practices of my farm.          
I request visitors to announce themselves prior to arrival so they are aware of my biosecurity requirements.          
I ask questions to determine the potential risk for disease transmission posed by visitors and farm personnel.          
I know that livestock can be a source of human disease and advise my family, workers and visitors to follow good hygiene practices after contact with animals or their environment.          

Risk factor review:

  1. What gaps (Warnings and Alerts) on Management of People have I identified on my farm?
  2. What steps can I take to correct those gaps?

4. Protocols and record-keeping evaluation checklist

Biosecurity risk evaluation checklist
Biosecurity practices for Protocols and Record-Keeping

Yes

Good

Sometimes

Warning

No

Alert

N/A Actions to consider
I have written farm-specific biosecurity protocols.          
My farm-specific biosecurity protocols are available to personnel, family and service providers.          
I maintain and review herd and individual animal health records, which help to identify and address any health issues.          
I record events such as illnesses, treatments, disinfections, vaccinations, dewormings, birthdates, and deaths of animals of my herd in the proper place.          
I record, review and update important farm management activities.          
I record, review and update biosecurity, education and training activities.          

Risk factor review:

  1. What Protocol and Record-Keeping gaps (Warnings and Alerts) have I identified on my farm?
  2. What steps can I take to correct those gaps?

Appendix 3: Sample cervid farm layouts

Figure 3: Sample layout (overhead view)

Figure 3: Sample layout (overhead view). Description follows.
Description of Figure 3: Sample layout (overhead view)

This overhead view of a stylized cervid farm depicts some critical infrastructure and biosecurity concepts for routine production.

Clockwise from the bottom left:

  1. The farm premises is completely enclosed with a fence to contain farmed cervids and deter entry by other animals and humans.
  2. Internal fencing is used to: separate work and production areas on the premises, separate areas of risk and manage production and traffic flows. Gates are situated to facilitate animal management and worker access.
  3. A paved parking area outside the work/production area minimizes unnecessary access by people and potential pathogen introduction.
  4. Access to the premises is managed through a designated entrance and gate that can be secured. This entrance functions as a Controlled Access Point allowing an assessment of the risks posed by people / equipment and the implementation of appropriate biosecurity measures.
  5. A hard surface area surrounds the barn which contains the handling chute / loading chute and storage areas. The loading chute is located near the entrance and is physically separated from the pens / pasture areas the herd occupies.
  6. Biosecurity signage informs the public and directs service providers that biosecurity measures are in place and must be adhered to.
  7. Catch pens and sorting pens are designed to safely and humanely handle animals.
  8. A isolation pen allows sick or newly acquired animals to be separated from the herd until their health has improved or their health status is determined to not pose a risk to the resident herd. This pen has its own waterer and movable feed trough.
  9. A weaning pen provides physical separation of younger animals from the herd and minimizes exposure to animals of different health status. It has a movable feed trough and shares a waterer with the grass pasture area.
  10. The pond in the grass pasture is enclosed by fence to prevent access by farmed cervids and other animals.
  11. The pasture areas are planted and managed to provide forage throughout the season and allows rotational grazing to minimize accumulations of manure and potential pathogens.
  12. One of the mixed pastures has a fenced feeding and catch pen to facilitate animal management. The ground is sand and gravel that promotes drainage and minimizes accumulation of organic debris.
  13. The feeding pen has a sand and gravel surface. There are multiple concrete feed troughs to accommodate large numbers of animals and allow cleaning and disinfection as necessary.
  14. A hay shed and feed silos help protect feed from contamination.

Figure 4: Sample layout (elevated front view)

Figure 4: Sample layout (elevated front view). Description follows.
Description of Figure 4: Sample layout (elevated front view)

This diagram provides a different view of the premises in figure 3. Notable biosecurity infrastructure includes:

  1. The concrete slabs under the feed silos and hay shed help to minimize contamination of feed.
  2. Feed troughs and waterers are present in all pens and pasture areas (excluding the catch and sorting pens). The isolation pen has its own waterer and feed trough. 
  3. The pond is fenced to minimize access by animals.
  4. The catch and sorting pens are constructed of durable materials. The large catch pen is constructed of metal panels that can be easily cleaned and disinfected. The other catch/sort pens are constructed of plywood sealed with a non-toxic animal safe sealant to protect the wood and facilitate cleaning and disinfection.
  5. The feed silos are located near the edge of the premises adjacent to the parking area. The silos can be filled without feed delivery vehicles entering the property. 
  6. High use feeding pens use a sand and gravel surface to promote drainage and minimize the accumulation of organic debris.

Figure 5: Sample layout of animal handling areas

Figure 5: Sample layout of animal handling areas. Description follows.
Description of Figure 5: Sample layout of animal handling areas

A closer view of the animal handling areas depicted in figures 3 and 4.

  1. The main entrance and gate which serves as a Controlled Access Point is located at the far bottom left of the diagram. The barn is sited on a hard surface that extends beyond the building walls. The hard surface is sloped to direct water away from the barn, entrance and pen areas. 
  2. The barn protects the loading and handling chute and storage areas from the elements and unwanted access by people and animals. It provides a controlled environment to handle and perform animal treatments and a location for people to clean and disinfect footwear, equipment, sanitize hands and perform clothing changes as necessary. It provides storage for materials and small equipment used on the farm and the equipment and supplies to clean and disinfect when needed. Storage areas are enclosed to minimize potential exposure and contamination of stored items during animal handling procedures.
  3. The catch and sorting pens are constructed of durable materials. The large catch pen wall is constructed of metal panels that can be easily cleaned and disinfected. The other catch/sort pen walls are constructed of plywood sealed with a non-toxic animal safe sealant to protect the wood and facilitate cleaning and disinfection. For safety purposes, the plywood panels have a ledge to allow animal handlers footing to climb over if needed.
  4. Metal gates allow movements between the pens. Installing smaller "worker gates" allow people to move between the pens with the risk of animal escape

Figure 6: Sample layout of animal handling areas

Figure 6: Sample layout of animal handling areas. Description follows.
Description of Figure 6: Sample layout of animal handling areas

This diagram provides a different view of the previous premises. A legend identifies the relevant areas.

This elevated side view of a stylized cervid farm depicts some critical infrastructure and biosecurity concepts for routine production.

Clockwise from the bottom left:

  1. The farm premises is completely enclosed with a fence to contain farmed cervids and deter entry by other animals and humans.
  2. Internal fencing is used to: separate work and production areas on the premises, separate areas of risk and manage production and traffic flows. Gates are situated to facilitate animal management and worker access.
  3. A isolation pen allows sick or newly acquired animals to be separated from the herd until their health has improved or their health status is determined to not pose a risk to the resident herd. This pen has its own waterer and movable feed trough.
  4. A weaning pen provides physical separation of younger animals from the herd and minimizes exposure to animals of different health status. It has a movable feed trough and shares a waterer with the grass pasture area.
  5. The pond in the grass pasture is enclosed by fence to prevent access by farmed cervids and other animals.
  6. The pasture areas are planted and managed to provide forage throughout the season and allows rotational grazing to minimize accumulations of manure and potential pathogens.
  7. One of the mixed pastures has a fenced feeding and catch pen to facilitate animal management. The ground is sand and gravel that promotes drainage and minimizes accumulation of organic debris.
  8. The feeding pen has a sand and gravel surface. There are multiple concrete feed troughs to accommodate large numbers of animals and allow cleaning and disinfection as necessary.
  9. A hay shed and feed silos help protect feed from contamination.
  10. A paved parking area outside the work/production area minimizes unnecessary access by people and potential pathogen introduction.
  11. Access to the premises is managed through a designated entrance and gate that can be secured. This entrance functions as a Controlled Access Point allowing an assessment of the risks posed by people / equipment and the implementation of appropriate biosecurity measures.
  12. A hard surface area surrounds the barn which contains the handling chute / loading chute and storage areas. The loading chute is located near the entrance and is physically separated from the pens / pasture areas the herd occupies.
  13. Biosecurity signage informs the public and directs service providers that biosecurity measures are in place and must be adhered to.
  14. Catch pens and sorting pens are designed to safely and humanely handle animals.

Figure 7: Spot the biosecurity concerns (corner view)

Figure 7: Spot the biosecurity concerns (corner view). Description follows.
Description of Figure 7: Spot the biosecurity concerns (corner view)

Figures 7 and 8 are stylized examples of a cervid farm that depict a number of biosecurity concerns. How many biosecurity concerns can you identify?

Description of Figure 7 – Spot the biosecurity concerns

Figure 8: Spot the biosecurity concerns (elevated front view)

Figure 8: Spot the biosecurity concerns (elevated front view). Description follows.
Description of Figure 8: Spot the biosecurity concerns (elevated front view)
  • There is no designated parking area outside the farm premises to manage vehicle and truck traffic. Vehicles are parked in various locations on the property; work vehicles can be a potential source for the introduction and spread of pathogens from off the farm, pose hazards to animals and provide shelter/nesting areas for animals.
  • The front gates to the premises are open allowing unobstructed access by people and animals.
  • There is no biosecurity signage to inform the public and direct suppliers.
  • Portions of the perimeter fence are broken and falling down.
  • The barn doors are open allowing potential access by people and animals to the handling and chute system and stored supplies.
  • There is no hard surface around the barn.
  • The hay shed roof and floor are damaged allowing contamination of stored feed by water, soil and potential pathogens.
  • Hay bales have been left unprotected in a pasture area and work area; improperly stored feed can attract animals and be contaminated by animals and pathogens in the environment.
  • The surface under the feed silos is bare soil which prohibits cleaning and disinfection and may allow contamination of feed and the vehicles distributing feed.
  • There is debris (wooden pallets, 45 gallon metal drums, and temporary fence panels etc.) in some of the pastures and storage locations which can provide nesting areas for rodents, pose a physical / chemical hazard to animals and interfere with property maintenance. The temporary fence panels, if used on other premises, pose additional biosecurity risk.
  • A few feed and water troughs are dirty / filled with organic material. The feed and water troughs need to be cleaned and disinfected. Spoiled feed, accumulations of organic debris and biofilms on feed and water troughs pose potential health risks to animals.
  • Some of the water troughs are leaking and flooding pasture areas.
  • There is damage to some of the handling areas which pose safety risks and difficulty cleaning and disinfecting surfaces.
  • The quarantine pen has a shared water trough with the adjacent weaning pen and there is no fencing in place to prevent animals moving between these areas. Animals of only one health status could occupy these pens unless fencing is completed and separate water troughs installed.
  • Animals have access to surface water - a pond - which can be a source of pathogens and also be an attractant for other animals. 
  • There are piles of soil / manure in the pond pasture and the waterer extends beyond the exterior fenceline allowing potential contamination by other animals.
  • There are beef bulls in a few of the pens. Mixing animals of a different species and production use (e.g. the beef bulls) provides increased opportunity for pathogen introduction and spread.

Appendix 4: Selected disinfectants

This is a short list of selected disinfectants suitable for routine cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces and equipment. Always follow manufacturers' recommendations.

Disinfectant selection and use
Active agent Product examples Contact time Advantages Disadvantages Comments
Hypochlorite

Bleach.
1:10-1:50 dilution of household bleach with clean water

10 min
  • Broad spectrum, effective against most resistant organisms (enveloped viruses, bacterial spores, and dermatophytes).
  • Readily available.
  • Cost effective.
  • Corrosive for some surfaces.
  • Poor stability when exposed to light.
  • Poorly active in the presence of organic debris (for example, dirt and manure).
  • Can bleach coloured fabrics.
  • Good for various environmental surfaces.
  • Efficacy decreases with increasing pH, decreasing temperature, presence of ammonia and nitrogen.
  • Reserve high concentration (1:10) for specific circumstances with resistant microorganisms.
  • 1:32-1:50 more commonly used.
  • Never mix with other chemicals as this can result in the production of harmful vapours.
  • Change diluted solutions daily.
  • Do not store in clear containers.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate Virkon
Trifectant
10 min
  • Broad spectrum, with activity against enveloped viruses and bacterial spores.
  • Active in the presence of moderate organic debris.
  • Corrosive, especially with metal surfaces.
  • Commonly used routine disinfectant.
  • Care must be taken when handling concentrated products.
  • Consider rinsing metal and concrete surfaces after required contact time.
Accelerated hydrogen peroxide PREvail 5–10 min
  • Broad spectrum, with activity against enveloped viruses, bacterial spores and ringworm.
  • Good activity in moderate organic debris.
  • Low toxicity.
  • Biodegradable.
  • Does not appear to be corrosive
  • More expensive than other options.
  • Excellent choice for environmental disinfection.
Quaternary ammoniums Various 10–30 min
  • Low cost.
  • Low toxicity.
  • Stable under storage.
  • Good against gram-negative and many gram-positive bacteria, and enveloped viruses.
  • Limited impact on non-enveloped viruses, bacterial spores and ringworm.
  • Inhibited by organic debris
  • Common environmental disinfectant, however, spectrum may be suboptimal for some situations.
Phenolics Various 10 min
  • Good activity in organic debris.
  • Limited activity against non-enveloped viruses and bacterial spores.
  • Can be irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
  • Potentially toxic to other species (e.g. cats, pigs)
  • Not recommended because of toxicity, spectrum and lack of significant advantages over better options. Potentially toxic.
Alcohol, povidone iodine, chlorhexidine, acids        
  • Not recommended because of activity in the environment or spectrum.

Information on use and efficacy of selected disinfectants

Disinfectants are regulated by Health Canada for safety, efficacy and quality when used according to the label directions. However, efficacy is determined under controlled laboratory conditions, and if using disinfectants in a farm environment, they must be used according to the manufacturer's recommendations and considerations given to increased organic load and environmental conditions. Disinfectants are most effective when applied to clean, dry surfaces; their effectiveness is affected by many factors including temperature, pH of the water, presence of other chemicals, concentration and contact time.

Disinfectants that meet Health Canada's requirements are given a Drug Identification Number (DIN). Health Canada maintains a searchable database of registered disinfectants (the Drug Product Database). It is recommended to use a disinfectant product that has a DIN and is effective against the pathogen targeted. Note: foreign approvals by the US Environmental Protection Agency or US Food and Drug Administration are not recognized in Canada. Not all disinfectants are equal in their ability to inactivate pathogens.

As temperatures drop below 10°C, many chemical disinfectants require increased contact time and/or a higher concentration to achieve effective disinfection. Quaternary ammonium compounds are more affected by decreased temperatures than hydrogen peroxide, bleach and potassium peroxymonosulfate. As temperatures approach freezing, disinfection becomes difficult; trailers, equipment and other items should be cleaned and disinfected in a heated building.

At temperatures below 0°C, products to prevent freezing such as propylene glycol or calcium chloride can be added to some disinfectant solutions used to increase "wet contact" time. Speak to disinfectant manufacturers to determine suitability and concentrations.

The effectiveness of disinfectants registered in Canada is determined under controlled laboratory conditions.

When using disinfectants in a farm environment, they must be used according to the manufacturer's recommendations and considerations given to increased organic load and environmental conditions.

Recommendations on using bleach as a disinfectant

Bleach is a generic term for products comprised of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Some products containing sodium hypochlorite are registered as disinfectants and have been granted a DIN. Bleach is available in various concentrations with 5% to 8.5% being more common. Knowing the concentration of bleach in the bottle is necessary when diluting to use as a disinfectant. The following concentrations and dilutions are suggested for "routine disinfection".

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) concentrations and use
Bleach 5.25% Volume Dilution Ratio Water Inclusion Rate Per Cent (%) NaOCl Parts per million (ppm) Cl Use
10 ml 1:249 2490 ml 0.02% 200 ppm Household use – kitchen surfaces (for reference)
50 ml 1:49 2450 ml 0.1% 1 000 ppm Handheld equipment/tools
250 ml 1:9 2250 ml 0.5% 5 000 ppm Building surfaces, pens, barns
1000 ml 1:1.625 1625 ml 2.0% 20 000 ppm Tuberculosis, prions

Considerations when using bleach:

Recommendations on using disinfectants containing hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has long been used as a disinfectant. Favourable characteristics include a broad spectrum of activity, little odour, and minimal environmental concerns due to it breaking down into water and oxygen. Unfortunately, hydrogen peroxide can be corrosive to soft metals and its rapid decomposition can reduce effectiveness as a disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide can be obtained in concentrations of 3 to 5% through retail stores and in concentrations up to 30% (which is diluted on farm) through farm/agri-business suppliers. Personal protective equipment must be worn when handling/diluting 30% hydrogen peroxide to concentrations of 3 to 5% for use on farm as it can damage skin, mucous membranes and eyes. Newer formulations of hydrogen peroxide products are superior disinfectants.

Stabilized hydrogen peroxide disinfectants contain additives to minimize the decomposition into water and oxygen and increase the time they remain effective as a disinfectant.

Hydrogen peroxide enhanced action formulations (HPEAF) are newer products with increased disinfection action. These products contain additives that improve their ability to remove fats and biofilms, increase their cleaning ability, reduce binding and degradation by other chemicals and improve their effectiveness in cold water. They require lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and are more effective in the presence of organic material.

A product referred to as Accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP®) manufactured by Virox Technologies Incorporated is a type of HPEAF. This product, among other HPEAF disinfectants, provides producers with safe and effective disinfectant option for a variety of pathogens.

Appendix 5: Cleaning and disinfecting procedures (sample)

The five-step process of cleaning and disinfection

Cleaning and disinfection are two different processes. Cleaning refers to the physical removal of organic material to allow exposure of the object's surface (for example, equipment or stall) to a disinfectant. The cleaning procedure is composed of a dry cleaning and a wet cleaning process. Dry cleaning removes the majority of organic debris (manure, bedding, debris and soil) while wet cleaning helps remove residues and biofilms from the surfaces with the use of hot water and detergents.

Disinfection refers to the application of a disinfectant (often a chemical) to a clean surface to destroy the majority of remaining pathogens. No single disinfectant is adequate for all situations. Disinfection protocols used on a daily basis will differ from those used to control an infectious disease outbreak. However, both disinfection protocols require thorough cleaning and washing before applying any disinfectant.

The full process of cleaning and disinfection involves five steps in the following order:

There are five arrows containing text. From left to right they state: Step 1 Dry cleaning, Step 2 Wet cleaning, Step 3 Drying, Step 4 Disinfection, Step 5 drying.

Step 1: Dry cleaning

Begin by moving all animals out of the areas to be cleaned. Remove any garbage, materials and equipment; remove feed and water buckets/troughs, handling equipment and anything else that has found a resting place in the area to be cleaned.

Starting at the top of the surface to be cleaned and working down, scrape, knock, brush or wipe off accumulations of organic debris. Work from cleaner to dirtier areas to minimize unnecessary contamination of surfaces. Collect and dispose of organic debris in the manure pile. By thoroughly dry cleaning, the wet cleaning will be easier.

Step 2: Wet cleaning

Using a low-pressure spray (to minimize spreading pathogens), wet down surfaces with a solution of warm water and a detergent or degreaser. The detergent/degreaser assists in removing soil, oils and biofilms (colonies of microbes protected by a slimy/mucoid substance). The removal of biofilms is critical to eliminating organisms that may potentially cause disease.

Start by applying the solution to the most heavily contaminated areas and then proceed to apply from the top down. After allowing the solution to fully saturate the organic debris, continue cleaning using a low-pressure spray and warm water: scrub surfaces using brushes and scrapers as necessary. When the surfaces are visibly clean, thoroughly rinse with warm water to remove any remaining detergent and biofilm. Use a squeegee to remove water from floor surfaces to facilitate drying.

Step 3: Drying

Allow the surfaces to thoroughly dry. This assists in destroying the pathogens and minimizes dilution of the disinfectant. Use fans or heaters to speed up the drying process.

Step 4: Disinfection

Select an appropriate disinfectant and prepare it according to the label directions. Protect yourself by wearing appropriate clothing and personal protective equipment (for example, gloves, eye protection, boots and coveralls). Apply the disinfectant to the clean dry surfaces to the point of runoff moving from the top down. Reapply the disinfectant as necessary to ensure the surfaces remain wet for the appropriate contact time specified by the manufacturer. This will usually be a minimum of 10 minutes. Rinse surfaces if required by the manufacturer. Always rinse food and water troughs before refilling.

Step 5: Drying

Allow all surfaces to thoroughly dry before use. Use fans or heaters to speed up the drying process.

Appendix 6: Selected infectious diseases and parasites of cervids

Viral and Prion Diseases

Bacterial

Other Microbial

Parasitic

Multi-Agent Syndrome

Appendix 7: What are reportable / notifiable diseases

While many microorganisms are natural elements of human and animal ecosystems and not likely to cause disease in healthy animals or humans, a small number do cause disease and are referred to as pathogens. The provinces, territories and federal government regulate certain diseases that can have a significant impact locally, nationally or internationally. Federally, livestock diseases are categorized as: reportable, immediately notifiable and annually notifiable. Provincially, livestock diseases are categorized as reportable or notifiable. Cervid producers and stakeholders should be aware of these diseases and their reporting/management obligations to minimize their impact:

A reportable disease refers to diseases in federal and/or provincial acts and regulations. Federally reportable diseases are outlined in the Health of Animals Act and Reportable Diseases Regulations and are usually of significant importance to human or animal health or to the Canadian economy. Producers/animal owners, veterinarians and laboratories are required to immediately report the presence of an animal that is contaminated or suspected of being contaminated with one of these diseases to a Canadian Food Inspection Agency district veterinarian. Control or eradication measures may be applied immediately. A list of federally reportable diseases is available on the CFIA website.

Immediately notifiable diseases, in general, are diseases exotic to Canada for which there are no control or eradication programs and are to be reported immediately to a specific government agency.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency can undertake control measures for such diseases when notified of their presence in Canada. This category also includes some local rarely occurring diseases. A herd or flock of origin must be certified as being free from these diseases in order to meet import requirements of trading partners. Some provincial ministries may require notification for surveillance and/or control of certain immediately notifiable diseases.

Annually notifiable diseases are diseases that must be reported to the CFIA by laboratories and which CFIA reports on annually to the world organization for animal health.

Provincial reportable/notifiable diseases: Some provincial agriculture departments require reporting of diseases outlined in their provincial animal disease legislation. For additional information, contact the respective provincial agriculture department. Refer to Appendix 8.

Zoonotic diseases: Certain pathogens cause illness in humans and animals and can be transmitted from humans to animals and/or animals to humans. Examples include: Salmonella sp., Brucella sp., Leptospira sp., and Mycobacteria sp., among others. If zoonotic disease is suspected in a herd, producers should recognize the potential health risks and implement biosecurity measures necessary to protect human and animal health.

Appendix 8: Links to select provincial and federal acts / regulations/ programs of importance

British Columbia

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Quebec

Ontario

New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

Nova Scotia

Prince Edward Island

North West Territories

Yukon

Federal acts, regulations and programs (others may be applicable)

Appendix 9: Farm visitor log (Sample)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

For biosecurity purposes, all visitor entries are recorded. Entry is recorded at the earliest point of entering the operation.

Visitors include all people entering with permission (e.g. service providers and professionals, school tours, international visitors, etc.).

Excludes farm personnel (owner/operators, staff, and family etc.)

Farm visitor log sample

Farm visitor log (Sample). Description follows.
Description of form - Farm visitor log (Sample)

The heading row contains text for the following columns:

  • Date
  • Name
  • Company
  • Purpose of visit
  • Contact with cervids, other livestock within last 24 hours? Yes / No
  • Will you be entering farm production area? Yes / No
  • Will you be in contact with animals? Yes / No
  • Comments

There are blank rows for recording information.

Appendix 10: Sample deadstock management plan

(Producers should confirm that their deadstock management practices comply with municipal, provincial and federal regulations.)

Deadstock management sample plan

Sample deadstock management plan. Description follows.
Description of form - Sample deadstock management plan

The heading row contains text for the following columns:

  • Date
  • Name
  • Company
  • Purpose of visit
  • Contact with cervids, other livestock within last 24 hours? Yes / No
  • Will you be entering farm production area? Yes / No
  • Will you be in contact with animals? Yes / No
  • Comments

There are blank rows for recording information.

Rows contain text with the following headings:

  • Operation name
  • PID Number
  • Province
  • Disposal Method:
    • Burial
    • Composting
    • Incineration
    • Natural disposal
    • Rendering
    • Other
  • Is this permitted in province? Y/N
  • Is this method available? Y/N
  • Comments
  • Preferred means of disposal is
  • Location of disposal
  • How disposal is conducted
  • Biosecurity measures used:
    • Dedicated equipment
    • Dedicated clothing
    • Disposable gloves
    • Other measures
    • Non-dedicated equipment – cleaned and disinfected after use
    • Dedicated footwear
    • Handwashing or hand sanitation following disposal
  • Disposal is not permitted if
  • Comments
  • Alternate means of disposal is
  • Location of disposal
  • How disposal is conducted
  • Biosecurity measures used:
    • Dedicated equipment
    • Dedicated clothing
    • Disposable gloves
    • Other measures
    • Non-dedicated equipment – cleaned and disinfected after use
    • Dedicated footwear
    • Handwashing or hand sanitation following disposal
  • Disposal is not permitted if
  • Comments
  • Temporary deadstock storage
  • Is deadstock temporarily stored prior to disposal? yes or no
  • Location of temporary deadstock storage if used
  • Method of temporary deadstock storage

Appendix 11: Mortality log (Sample)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

Mortality log sample

Mortality log (Sample). Description follows.
Description of form - Mortality log (Sample)

The heading row contains text for the following columns:

  • Date
  • Animal ID
  • VHCP level
  • Necropsy performed Yes/No
  • Cause of death
  • Disposal method
  • Disposal location (PID if on property or company name and address)
  • Drug withdrawal (if required)
  • Comments

There are blank rows for recording information.

Appendix 12: Animal movement log (Sample)

Movement record for animals moved, purchased, sold/shipped

Year: space

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

This sample movement log does not replace the need for official federal cervid movement permits or movement reporting as specified by CFIA.

Animal Movement log

Animal movement log (Sample). Description follows.
Description of form - Animal movement log (Sample)

The heading row contains text for the following columns:

  • Date
  • Animal ID
  • Reason for animal movement (moved, purchased, sold/shipped)
  • CWD VHCP level
  • Moved from (location or address)
  • Moved to (location or address)
  • CWD VHCP level
  • Drug withdrawal (if required)
  • Comments

There are blank rows for recording information.

Appendix 13: Personnel training log (Sample)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

Training log for personnel

Personnel training log (Sample). Description follows.
Description of form - Personnel training log (Sample)

The heading row contains text for the following columns:

  • Name
  • Position/duties

The row below contains text for the following columns:

  • Date of training
  • Description/ content of training
  • Source of training (e.g. Training institution/ Trainer name/ Website or resource used)
  • Signature of trainee
  • Signature of trainer (if applicable)

There are blank rows for recording information. Following the blank rows is a row with the headings:

  • Training/ biosecurity program information/ updates required
  • Date training to be completed
  • Source of training
  • Comments

There are blank rows for recording information

Appendix 14: Planned herd vaccination / deworming / medication / testing schedule (Sample)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

Routine herd health sample plan
Animal cohort Date / Time of Year Medication type
(e.g. vaccine, antibiotic, dewormer)
Product name and concentration Dose used Method of administration Drug withdrawal
(if required)
Comments
Males              
Females              
Calves              
Other              

Appendix 15: Animal health record (Sample)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

Animal health sample record

Animal health record (Sample). Description follows.
Description of form - Animal health record (Sample)

The heading row contains text for the following columns:

  • Animal identification
  • Date/ Time of Year
  • Medication type (e.g. vaccine, antibiotic, dewormer)
  • Product name and concentration
  • Dose used
  • Method of administration
  • Drug withdrawal (if required)
  • Comments

There are blank rows for recording information

Appendix 16: Biosecurity planning for emergencies (sample plan)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

Flood, fire, inclement weather, and damage to farm infrastructure may result in risks to animal health and welfare including exposure to infectious diseases. While preserving the life of humans and animals is the priority, planning ahead can reduce unnecessary biosecurity risks to the herd. Consider alternate sources and arrangements for feed and water and housing animals in the event these items have been compromised.

Emergency sample plan
Item Management details Comments / concerns
Feed Alternate source of feed (feed supplier and contact information):  
Feed Quantity required (per day or per week):  
Feed Method of feeding:  
Feed Equipment required:  
Feed Other considerations:  
Water Alternate source of water:  
Water Volume required (per day or per week):  
Water Method of watering:  
Water Equipment required:  
Water Other considerations:  
Premises Alternate premises for temporary housing of animals (location, name, contact information):  
Premises Biosecurity considerations of site (other cervids present, health status of other herd, requirements for entry and exit of property, etc.):  
Premises Transport considerations (conveyance used, capacity, number of loads):  
Premises Facility infrastructure (presence and location of loading and unloading areas, chutes, handling and treatment areas, etc.):  

Appendix 17: Biosecurity requirements for entry to risk areas workers/staff and service providers (sample plan)

Premises Identification (PID) Number: space

Biosecurity requirements for people sample plan
Function / role of individual Area accessed Biosecurity measures Equipment / supplies required Location required Monitoring effectiveness (who, how, when)
Workers/staff Entry and exit of lower risk areas of farm (e.g. equipment sheds, fallow/empty pasture, parking areas etc.)

checkbox Hand washing/sanitation on entry/exit

checkbox Wear gloves

checkbox Change boots/C&D boots on entry/exit

checkbox Change outerwear on entry/exit

checkbox Other

     
Workers/staff Entry and exit of higher risk areas of farm (isolation areas, treatment areas, etc.)

checkbox Hand washing/sanitation on entry/exit

checkbox Wear gloves

checkbox Change boots/C&D boots on entry/exit

checkbox Change outerwear on entry/exit

checkbox Other

     
Service providers Entry and exit of lower risk areas of farm (e.g. equipment sheds, fallow/empty pasture, parking areas etc.)

checkbox Hand washing/sanitation on entry/exit

checkbox Wear gloves

checkbox Change boots/C&D boots on entry/exit

checkbox Change outerwear on entry/exit

checkbox Accompanied by farm worker

checkbox Other

     
Service providers Entry and exit of higher risk areas of farm (isolation areas, treatment areas, etc.)

checkbox Hand washing/sanitation on entry/exit

checkbox Wear gloves

checkbox Change boots/C&D boots on entry/exit

checkbox Change outerwear on entry/exit

checkbox Accompanied by farm worker

checkbox Other

     

Appendix 18: Membership of the cervid biosecurity advisory committee (CerBAC) during production of producer planning guide

Representative Organization
Robert Boos Alberta elk producer
Herman Bulten

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Alberta elk producer

Glenda Elkow

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Alberta elk producer

Connie Seutter

President, Canadian Cervid Alliance

Alberta elk producer

Logan Dolan Alberta Elk Producer
Harvey Petracek

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Saskatchewan elk producer

Blaine Weber Saskatchewan elk producer
Randy Wehrkamp

Past president, Canadian Cervid Alliance

Saskatchewan elk producer

Ian Thorleifson

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Manitoba elk producer

Lucien Beaupré

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Quebec elk producer

Mark Hébert

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Quebec elk producer

Gaétan Lehoux

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Quebec red deer producer

Shelley Lefler

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Ontario white tail deer producer

Rick Ewert North American Elk Breeders
Travis Lowe

North American Elk Breeders

Canadian Cervid Alliance

Dr. Bob Wright

Private veterinary practitioner

Fergus, Ontario

Dr. Martin Wenkoff

Private veterinary practitioner

Alberta

Dr. Murray Woodbury

Western College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Saskatchewan

Dr. Hernan Ortegon

Dr. Ana Ulmer-Franco

Government of Alberta
Kathryn Tonita Government of Saskatchewan
Dr. Cathy Furness Government of Ontario

Sarah-Claude Vanlandeghem

Dr. Chantal Proulx

Government of Quebec
Diane Blanford Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Dr. Daniel Schwartz

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Animal Welfare, Biosecurity and Assurance Programs

Dr. Lorne Jordan

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Animal Welfare Biosecurity and Assurance Programs

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